Raja Ram Mohan Roy

There is no denying the fact that Raja Ram Mohan Roy had had the recognition as the 'Maker of Modern India'. He was the founder of the Brahmo Samaj, one of the first Indian socio-religious reform movements. He played a major role in abolishing the role of Sati. Raja Rammohan Roy was a great scholar and an independent thinker. He advocated the study of English, Science, Western Medicine and Technology. He was given the title 'Raja' by the Mughal Emperor.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born on May 22, 1772 in village Radhanagar in the District of Hooghly in Bengal. His father Ramkanto Roy was a Vaishnavite, while his mother, Tarini, was from a Shakta background. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was sent to Patna for higher studies. By the age of fifteen, Raja Rammohun Roy had learnt Bangla, Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was against idol worship and orthodox Hindu rituals. He stood firmly against all sort of social bigotry, conservatism and superstitions. But his father was an orthodox Hindu Brahmin. This led to differences between Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his father. Following differences he left the house . He wandered around Himalayas and went to Tibet. He traveled widely before returning home.

After his return Raja Ram Mohan Roy's family married him in the hope that he would change. But this did not have any effect on him. Raja Ram Mohan Roy went to Varanasi and studied the Vedas, the Upanishads and Hindu philosophy deeply. When his father died in 1803 he returned to Murshidabad. He then worked as a moneylender in Calcutta, and from 1809 to 1814, he served in the Revenue Department of the East India Company. In 1814, Raja Ram Mohan Roy formed Atmiya Sabha. Atmiya Sabha tried to initiate social and religious reforms in the society. Raja Ram Mohan Roy campaigned for rights for women, including the right for widows to remarry, and the right for women to hold property. He actively opposed Sati system and the practice of polygamy. He also supported education, particularly education of women. He believed that English-language education was superior to the traditional Indian education system, and he opposed the use of government funds to support schools teaching Sanskrit. In 1822, he founded a school based on English education.

In 1828, Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the 'Brahma Samaj'. Through 'Brahma Samaj, he wanted to expose the religious hypocrisies and check the growing influence of Christianity on the Hindu society. Raja Ram Mohan Roy's efforts bore fruit when in 1829, the Sati system was abolished.  In November 1830 Ram Mohan Roy traveled to the United Kingdom as an ambassador of the Mughal emperor to plead for his pension and allowances. Raja Ram Mohan Roy passed away on September 27, 1833 at Stapleton near Bristol due to meningitis. This great personality and social reformer was  born: May 22, 1772 and  died: September 27, 1833. His achievements were that he Founded Atmiya Sabha and Brahma Samaj. He also played a key role in abolition the then customs of  Sati and fought for the rights of women.

Population Census

Population survey is a prominent aspect in the field of counting through which actual strength and number of manpower can be measured scientifically. There is no denying the fact that in Bangladesh such survey has been carried out in many times but the criteria that have been used as performance indicators which have not satisfied the targeted goals. After survey it is seen that many complaints have been received from different regions where double counting, triple counting and even forged people being fictitious have been explored. The word survey originates from census which emanates from the Latin term censure, envisaging ‘assess’ and it by and large indicates the official complete counting of a country’s population. Besides population survey, there are two other types of surveys that are frequently conducted. These are agricultural survey or counting of agricultural holdings and economic survey or counting of economic units. All the three types of surveys-population, agricultural and economic- are on a regular basis held in Bangladesh. However, as the population survey illustrates the numerical universe of the country, all other surveys depend on population survey as a concrete framework of data collection.

Considering total counts of population, household or land sporadically in villages was ingredient of social life from early times in the Indian subcontinent as well as the areas now comprising Bangladesh. The system sustained in the Mughal period predominantly throughout their reigns but chopped in disuse after the decline of the Mughal Empire. The first population survey for the whole country on modern line following the one designed for the Belgian Survey of 1845, was established by the British Government all the way through India counting the present day Bangladesh territory in 1881as a decennial procedure. The 1881 populace survey was paved the way by a number of surveys of investigational nature taken during 1769-1855 by the East India Company and by the Crown during 1858-1869. However, as compared to up-to-the-minute surveys, these surveys were disconnected, barely methodical and lacked standardization. The methodical challenge to determine the entirety population of the complete countryside by actually counting heads was made between 1867 and 1872.

.

Feedback form is the heart of survey taking and reflects the basic purpose for which the survey is taken. Since 1981 survey, Bangladesh population survey have included two questionnaires- the short or the main questionnaire that is universally canvassed and the long questionnaire that is used in the sample survey. The sample survey is conducted after the main count to collect detailed and supplementary information on the basis of sampling a portion of the counted population. Since 1981 survey the OPTICAL MARK READER questionnaire in completely pre-coded form has been successfully used in the total count to collect the population and housing information with considerable ease in field record, reduction in data capture time and complete elimination of human error in data capture process. Specimen of the OPTICAL MARK READER forms used in the main counts of 1981 and 1991 survey are provided as appendices. Since the 2001 sample survey is planned to cover a fairly large segment of the population [nearly 20%], to reduce data capture time and error free data entry, the sample survey questionnaire will also be in OPTICAL MARK READER format.

The topics included in the main survey questionnaire are of two types -information collected for each individual person and housing information. To fulfill the requirements of a simple, short and OPTICAL MARK READER based questionnaire, only the key topics are included after a balanced consideration of several key factors. These include the priority national needs, willingness and ability of the public to provide the information adequately, international comparability of the information both within the SAARC region and on a worldwide basis and human and financial resources available for conducting the survey to collect the information. Formulation and finalization of the survey questionnaire takes up greater part of the survey planning time, and extends usually over two to three years. For ensuring comparability of successive survey core topics are retained from survey to survey and addition or deletion of other topics is done sparingly. The questionnaire is finalized on the basis of several pretests in actual field conditions and on the scrutiny and advice of the survey technical committee that consists of academic experts, representatives of survey data users and business community, legislative body of the ministries, local governments and NGOs. whole topics enclosed in the survey include in addition to the core topics of the short questionnaire, the topics in the sample survey questionnaire, which are usually more detailed aimed at collecting flow type data compared to the bench mark type data targeted by the main survey. By way of supplementing the core topics of the short questionnaire, the sample survey questionnaire of the recent Bangladesh population survey have included topics of demographic, economic and social importance on both the individual and housing modules. On the individual module the following topics are included:

·         Fertility

·         Mortality

·         Migration

·         Physical disability and impairment

·         Causes of disability

·         Income of the household head and main sources of income

·         Status and the Institutional sector of employment

·         Place of work

On the housing and household module the topics included in the sample survey had been the following:

·         Rooms and floor space

·         Water supply system

·         Toilet and sewerage facilities

·         Cooking facilities

·         Lighting and type of fuel and electricity

·         Rental and housing costs of owner occupant housing

 

The population survey is undoubtedly the single most extensive, complicated and expensive statistical operation consisting of a complex series of interrelated steps, that the country undertakes. A key feature of the recent Bangladesh population survey is preparation and implementation of a comprehensive survey plan that fully reflects the strategic objectives of the survey and identifies the diverse survey operations to insure that they occur in their proper sequence and in a timely manner. Bangladesh survey plan divides survey activities into the following six phases:

·         Preparatory work

·         Record

·         Evaluation of record quality

·         Data processing

·         Dissemination of the results

·         Analysis of the results

Operationally, the six phases are not chronologically entirely separate or mutually exclusive but overlapping and interactive. The preparatory phase consists of several diverse activities and is the most difficult and time consuming usually taking around 60% of the total survey plan time. On the other hand it is the right conceptualization through satisfactory implementation of the key activities of the preparatory phase that makes or unmakes the survey.

Preparatory phase include:

·         Planning the survey calendar or the survey time Figure,

·         Fixation of the size of record area [EA]

·         Mapping work for dividing the whole country into EAs with the help of survey cartography,

·         Preparation of the survey questionnaire and its printing,

·         Plan of survey record including recruitment and training of field enumerators and supervisors.

The other activities are no less important. These include insuring proper legal basis for the survey, developing survey budget and system of cost control, development of survey administration, plan for PEQC and quality control, plan for survey publicity, data processing plan and plan for survey publication and dissemination of survey data and information. The survey calendar or time Figure indicates the sequence and estimated duration of each component operations of the survey. The key date in the calendar is of course the starting and closing dates of the general record of the population on which hinge all other operations.  Survey calendar in Bangladesh is usually drawn in the form of a bar or the Programme Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) chart, with separate bars of each main operation.

Survey budget provides careful financial estimates of the cost of each operation of the survey and is based on costs of the components and estimate of the total cost of the entire survey operation. And the budget together with the budget calendar is used as an instrument of effective control of survey operations. Levels of expenditures in the previous survey classified by survey phases form the basis of preliminary estimates that are modified to take into account general inflation and changes in the scope. One special feature of Bangladesh survey budget is foreign donor assistance that funds substantial portion of the total cost particularly foreign exchange costs of data processing and data input mercenaries and printing of OPTICAL MARK READER questionnaires.

        In a nutshell, mean cost per person itemized was around Taka 2 in 1981 in nominal prices that include costs of record, equipment, data processing and dissemination and all other costs, which increased to Taka 3 in 1991. The likely average cost in 2001 survey is projected at Taka 4. Survey EA: Success of the survey field record depends on fixation of the optimum size of record area and segmenting the country into record areas. For the purpose of counting, the target population is divided into four groups-population in dwelling houses, population in institutional houses [such as hotels, hostels, mess, jails, hospitals etc], and floating population [i.e. rootless or population without any permanent address] and population on transit [on the survey night]. Of these the largest group in the country is population in dwelling which accounts for about 98% of the enumerated population and the remaining groups around 2%. Since record of the population in dwelling as well as housing is done on household basis the size of EA is determined on the number of households an enumerator can cover within the stipulated period of field record, which in the 1981 and 1991 survey has been 3 days. The size of record varies between 90 to 110 households averaging around 100. Division of the country into record areas is done meticulously for urban and rural areas separately with the help of up to data base maps.

Population survey extends the concept of urban areas from survey to survey. Currently urban areas in Bangladesh include all the four statistical metropolitan areas [defined as the area including the per urban areas adjacent to the metropolitan areas], all municipalities and other urban areas that include growth centers and thana head quarters and the survey concept of urban areas is used universally.  

Each EA is provided with a geocode [a 7-digit hierarchical code that covers all the major and minor civil divisions of the country] and a separate map with a clear delineated boundary identified through prominent landmarks on the ground is prepared for each EA. Preparation of EA maps is done through country wide field operation which is done by counting all dwelling houses and their inhabitants, identifying EA boundaries on the base maps and is a major operation that takes greater part of survey planning. The finalized EA maps are reproduced and each enumerator is provided with a copy to insure accurate field record and avoidance of duplication or overlap in counting between neighboring EAs. Five EAs are grouped to form SAs or supervision areas and each supervisor is provided with a copy of the SA map. Totaling EAs and SAs the number of enumerators and supervisors is arrived at. Selection of enumerators and supervisors for the purpose of survey is done through another country - wide operation called zonal operation, which is carried out by the field net work of BBS.

The plan of operation is then prepared. The plan sets forth the countrywide survey publicity arrangements and other operational components of the survey plan. Survey publicity uses every avenue of nation-wide publicity particularly media, loud speaker, drum beating, and other traditional means. Other operational components include scheduling of field training of EAs and SAs delivered through a hierarchy of master trainers, and  the logistical arrangements for survey materials including dispatch of books containing survey questionnaire and return of the filled in questionnaires and record schedule. Specifying dates for training including mock record by all enumerators and supervisors and the dates for actual record around the specified survey night are the other key elements of the plan of operation.

The testing of the various aspects of the operation plan including record is carried out a few months prior to holding the actual survey in all EAs comprising a Thana in an operation known as Pilot Survey. The Pilot survey tests the operations planned for all stages of survey including record, processing and evaluation of results and provide information on the adequacy of field organization, quality control measures and training program and help identify the procedural weaknesses so that they can be rectified on time.  By using OPTICAL MARK READER schedule for survey record has simplified and cut down by at least two thirds the data capture time, while insuring an almost error free data capture process. This in turn has reduced substantially the overall data processing and tabulation time. In fact full tabulation of the survey is completed within one year of survey record which usually took around five to six years in pre- OPTICAL MARK READER survey. Use of OCR and other state-of –the –art data capture equipment are likely to reduce further the data processing time in future survey.

 Survey results are tabulated hierarchically up from mauza [and villages comprising mauza and mahalla and ward for urban areas], union, Thana, zilla, division and finally aggregated for the country as a whole. For the purpose of dissemination survey publication includes several volumes including the National Analytical Report and District Reports for each district of the country. These are supplemented by special reports on Post record quality check survey, Sample survey, Analytical report on urban areas and an administrative report on the survey operations. In addition to hard copies, all survey data are available in machine-readable forms-in diskettes and CDs.

Survey Evaluation: Post Record Quality Check: A unique feature of Bangladesh survey is post record quality check survey that is conducted immediately [usually 15 days to a month] after the main count. The purpose is to check the overall quality of the survey main count by estimating the degree of coverage error i.e. omission or duplication of persons and content error or the errors in responding to survey questionnaire. Typically coverage error in Bangladesh survey relate to missing of persons and entire households from the main count. This arises largely from the high density of population and the propensity to live everywhere, not only in dwelling but also in every type of structures. The growing number of floating population and slum dwellers particularly in urban and peri-urban areas adds to the problem. Content or response errors relate primarily to age record, to literacy and marital status. PEQC is conducted by completely enumerating a smaller number of randomly selected survey record areas both in rural and urban areas through a completely independent agency engaging a different set of field enumerators. Results of the PEQC survey are matched with the survey record to estimate the coverage and response errors of survey. The survey results however, are not corrected for these errors except that on the basis of net coverage error the global count of population for the country is adjusted and published as an estimate allowing for undercount.

Survey publications: publications are the main products of survey that disseminate the principal results of the population count and the housing survey. Primary data are always aggregated into Figures, since disclosure of individual identity is prohibited under the survey law. Aggregated data are presented as Figures on age, sex and geographical distribution of population and living quarters, households and population by type of living quarters, distribution of population by literacy status and years of schooling, labour force participation and, urbanization etc. Using modern computer and data capture equipment for the processing of survey data BBS has been reducing greatly the unit cost and lead time required for data processing compared to older form of processing. Bangladesh survey publications include the following volumes of reports:

§  Report on the preliminary survey count

§  National Volume includes detailed national Figures and analysis

§  District series–detailed district wise data and Figures.

§  Community series- selected data by villages and unions

§  Report of the sample survey

§  Report of the PEQC

§  Special reports on urbanization, housing etc

§  Administrative report on the survey operation.

. As a result of the long lead time survey data become largely un-current and lose their value for users. The goal should be to complete final survey product within one year of survey taking. Origination with the 1981survey methodological improvements and technology based survey infrastructure and the state-of-the-art equipments have been progressively deployed to minimize the risks, reduce production time and insure a quality survey. Accurate and updated record area maps are now the basis of survey count that reduces the risk of under count or overlaps. EA maps based on the most recent aerial photograph of the country are being developed to insure improve counts in urban areas in the coming survey of 2001.OPTICAL MARK READER based schedule integrating housing and population count has simplified the main operation, ensuring quality record. Also error free data processing along with substantial reduction in data processing time have been realized The likely use of OCR technology in the 2001 survey will further improve the quality of Bangladesh survey and cut down production lead time substantially Data dissemination in CD and other computer readable media will speed up data dissemination and insure wide spread use of survey data. Applications of state-of- the - art technology in future survey takings are likely to make Bangladesh survey a highly cost effective public venture with extensive value to the nation and all users of survey data.

In view of the above, it is evident that in order to congregate varied customer requirements BBS also provide special tabulation of the survey data in diskette or CD. BBS is also on the increase the MNSDS -the bare minimum national social data set of Bangladesh based on the survey and related survey data on the Internet website for global use. The main challenge of population survey taking in Bangladesh is the risk of under count i.e. missing persons or entire households from counting. High density of population and the propensity of the people to live every where, in dwelling as well as non-dwelling structures of every description. The risk is relatively high in urban areas due to prevalence of slums and growing trend of floating or shelter less persons. As the country’s population grows the risk is also likely to intensify. The other risk relates to the problem of correct age record of the people particularly children and women and arises from high illiteracy, almost universal digital preference and from the absence of a countrywide birth registration system. 

The resultant distribution of population by single age is highly imprecise; graduation and age grouping are therefore essential for age profiling. Age Pyramid of Bangladesh, the main output of Population survey is a highly approximate one. The third test is diminution of the lead-time in broadcasting total survey product i.e. national volumes and district reports to the users. Despite using of OPTICAL MARK READER technology that has speeded up data capture time significantly since 1981 survey, it still takes about 5 to 7 years to produce the complete set of survey reports.

Martin Luther King

There is no denying the fact that Martin Luther King, Jr. led the Montgomery Bus Boycott after a woman named Rosa Parks was denied a seat because of the color of her skin. For his troubles, his home was bombed and his family's life was put we are in great danger. However, this led to the end of racial segregation being allowed on all public transport. Black Americans and their White American supporters kept the boycott alive for more than a year, and bankrupted a company. Hooray! He fought against southern racism with all his might and effort, and finally it culminated in the march on Washington to demand civil rights for Americans of African Slave Ancestry, who had been called Negroes, and later became known as black Americans and finally African Americans. 

Reverend King believed in nonviolence and used Gandhi as an example to lead his campaign for the rights of people who were being oppressed because of their skin color. Before he was murdered for his attempts to bring about fairness, unity and the creation of a nation undivided, he was granted the Nobel Peace Prize. 

His "I Have A Dream" speech is the finest speech in the entire history of this nation in its unabashed desire for a nation of ideals. He did not live to see his dream, and it still hasn't come close to being true. His most important contribution was being humble enough to offer up his life for people without a voice or a country.

Around The Globe

Around the world
I'll travel all over the world
If the people ad vile me
I'll go and go away
If rain water washes my face
I'll not care to proceed to the lead
If I'm clogged by gnash on the way
If the clouds stumble me hasty
I will never cease my ride to the fore.
If trees are busted on the way
To stop the huddle for a while
I'll break the fetter and move the way
To have fortunes with no despair;
Fever love and fraternity in human race
To streamline the efforts to reach up the drift
Amidst of all log jam and distortion
For switching in the air to pass ahead.
Along the clear bridge to cross the ocean
Even to hug demise to rephrase my fate.
All the hard luck, unfair and evils
Never care to pave the way my goal

Kh. Atiar Rahman is a prolific author as well as a poet who has started writing articles, poems, stories and novel from his school life. He was a brilliant student. His main theme of writing is bedded on Literature, soil, nature, science and history. He was born in the former district of Kushtia. Till now, he has written more than three thousands articles and 1200 poems. He has done his masters in English and Mathematics. He has done his LLB degree. He has obtained post graduate course in Industrial Management. He has completed the course of Cost and Management Accountants from Dhaka and Chittagong Centre respectively. He has large number of publications from National and International Media. He has been awarded Platinum Expert Author Certificate’ by the CEO of Ezine Article. He has received the most prestigious Editors Choice Award from International Library of Poetry for several times. His many poems have been published in many International web sites like Poetry.com, original poetry.com, Ezine Articles etc., Besides this, he has many publication in the Bangladesh Observer and ‘The daily Independent’.

The History Of Structured Query Language

The time gone by of SQL begins in an IBM laboratory in San Jose, California, where on earth SQL was urbanized in the late 1970s. The fundamental pose for Structured Query Language and the language itself is time and again referred to as "sequel." It was in the inauguration built-up for IBM's DB2 item for consumption as a basic criterion of a relational database management system, or RDBMS.. In fact, SQL creates an RDBMS achievable. SQL is a non procedural language, in disparity to the procedural or third-generation languages such as COBOL and C that had been created up to that time. The quality that categorizes a DBMS from an RDBMS is that the RDBMS provides a set-oriented database language. For most RDBMSs, this set-oriented database language is SQL. Two standards association, the American National Standards Institute and the International Standards Organization, currently prop up SQL standards to exchange. The ANSI-92 standard is the customary for the SQL used throughout this article. Although these standard-making bodies systematize standards for database system designers to tag along, all database products differ from the ANSI standard to some degree. In addition, most systems provide some proprietary extensions to SQL that extend the language into a true procedural language. We have used various RDBMSs to prepare the examples in this article to give you an idea of what to expect from the common database systems.

It was an inquiring feeling whether there is a modest background on the evolution of databases and database conjecture would facilitate us value the workings of SQL. Database systems stock up in sequence in every feasible business environment. From out-sized pathway databases such as airline proviso systems to a child's baseball card collection, database systems store and hand out the data that we depend on. Until the last few years, large database systems could be run only on large mainframe computers. These machines have traditionally been expensive to design, purchase, and maintain. However, today's generation of powerful, inexpensive workstation computers enables programmers to design software that maintains and distributes data quickly and inexpensively.

Model of Database

1.      The largest part of popular data storage model is the relational database, which was bedded on  a formative paper named  "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," written by Dr. E. F. Codd in 1970. SQL steps forward to service on the conception of the relational database introduced by  Dr. Codd who had promulgated such new exploration for creating and building object orient programming software to be based on the 13 rules,  referred to as Codd's 12 Rules, for the relational model which are the basic milestone in RDBMS concept.:

2.      The following rules have been explored by Dr. Codd which are basically known as ‘Dr. Codd’s  Database rules.

1.  All information in a relational database (including table and column names) is represented explicitly as values in tables.
2. Every value in a relational database is guaranteed to be accessible by using a combination of the table name, primary key value, and column name.
3. The DBMS provides systematic support for the treatment of null values (unknown or inapplicable data), distinct from default values, and independent of any domain.
4. The description of the database and its contents is represented at the logical level as tables and can therefore be queried using the database language.
5. At least one supported language must have a well-defined syntax and be comprehensive. It must support data definition, manipulation, integrity rules, authorization, and transactions.

6. All views that are theoretically updatable can be updated through the system.

7. The DBMS supports not only set-level retrievals but also set-level inserts, updates, and deletes.

8. Application programs and ad hoc programs are logically unaffected when physical access methods or storage structures are altered.

9. Application programs and ad hoc programs are logically unaffected, to the extent possible, when changes are made to the table structures.

10. The database language must be capable of defining integrity rules. They must be stored in the online catalog, and they cannot be bypassed.

11. Application programs and adhoc requests are logically unaffected when data is first circulated or when it is reallocate.

12. It ought not to be potential to get around the integrity rules defined through the database language by using lower-level languages.

A good number database has had a "parent/child" relationship; that is, a parent node would contain file pointers to its children. This method has several advantages and many disadvantages. In its favor is the fact that the physical structure of data on a disk becomes unimportant. The programmer simply stores pointers to the next location, so data can be accessed in this manner. Also, data can be added and deleted easily. However, different groups of information could not be easily joined to form new information. The format of the data on the disk could not be arbitrarily changed after the database was created. Doing so would require the creation of a new database structure. Codd's idea for an RDBMS uses the mathematical concepts of relational algebra to break down data into sets and related common subsets. Because information can naturally be grouped into distinct sets, Dr. Codd organized his database system around this concept. Under the relational model, data is separated into sets that resemble a table structure. This table structure consists of individual data elements called columns or fields. A single set of a group of fields is known as a record or row. For instance, to create a relational database consisting of employee data, you might start with a table called EMPLOYEE that contains the following pieces of information: Name, Age, and Occupation. These three pieces of data make up the fields in the Job holder table.

Job holder table.

Name	Age	Occupation
Mehedi	12	Electrical engineer
Gias	44	Museum curator
Kaium	42	Assistant Chef
Abdul Karim	29	Student
Mohammad	32	Game programmer
Kamruzzaman	46	Singer

The six rows are the records in the EMPLOYEE table. To retrieve a specific record from this table, for example, Dave Davidson, a user would instruct the database management system to retrieve the records where the NAME field was equal to Dave Davidson. If the DBMS had been instructed to retrieve all the fields in the record, the employee's name, age, and occupation would be returned to the user. SQL is the language that tells the database to retrieve this data. A sample SQL statement that makes this query is

SELECT *

FROM EMPLOYEE

It is important to note that the exact syntax is not important at this point. Due to the fact that the various data items can be grouped according to obvious relationships, the relational database model gives the database designer a great deal of flexibility to describe the relationships between the data elements. Through the mathematical concepts of join and union, relational databases can quickly retrieve pieces of data from different sets (tables) and return them to the user or program as one "joined" collection of data. The join feature enables the designer to store sets of information in separate tables to reduce repetition.

 Duty table.

Name	Duties
Skender	Cook
Lily Huq	Teacher
Shovon	Dancer
Idiorty	Superintendent

Designing the Database Structure

The vital decision for a database designer, after the hardware platform and the RDBMS have been preferred, is the structure of the tables. Decisions made at this stage of the design can affect performance and programming later during the development process. The process of separating data into distinct, unique sets is called normalization.

Modern Database Panorama

Computing technology has made a permanent change in the ways businesses work around the world. Information that was at one time stored in warehouses full of filing cabinets can now be accessed instantaneously at the click of a mouse button. Orders placed by customers in foreign countries can now be instantly processed on the floor of a manufacturing facility. Even though 20 years ago much of this information had been transported onto corporate mainframe databases, offices still operated in a batch-processing environment. If a query needed to be performed, someone notified the management information systems (MIS) department; the requested data was delivered as soon as possible. In addition to the development of the relational database model, two technologies led to the rapid growth of what are now called client/server database systems. The first important technology was the personal computer. Inexpensive, easy-to-use applications such as Lotus 1-2-3 and Word Perfect enabled employees (and home computer users) to create documents and manage data quickly and accurately. Users became accustomed to continually upgrading systems because the rate of change was so rapid, even as the price of the more advanced systems continued to fall.

The second important technology was the local area network (LAN) and its integration into offices across the world. Although users were accustomed to terminal connections to a corporate mainframe, now word processing files could be stored locally within an office and accessed from any computer attached to the network. After the Apple Macintosh introduced a friendly graphical user interface, computers were not only inexpensive and powerful but also easy to use. In addition, they could be accessed from remote sites, and large amounts of data could be off-loaded to departmental data servers.

During this time of rapid change and advancement, a new type of system appeared. Called client/server development because processing is split between client computers and a database server, this new breed of application was a radical change from mainframe-based application programming. Among the many advantages of this type of architecture are

• Reduced maintenance costs
• Reduced network load (processing occurs on database server or client computer)
• Multiple operating systems that can interoperate as long as they share a common network protocol
• Improved data integrity owing to centralized data location

In putting into practice Client/Server figure, Bernard H. Boar classifies client/server computing as follows:

Client/server computing is a processing model in which a single application is partitioned between multiple processors (front-end and back-end) and the processors cooperate (transparent to the end user) to complete the processing as a single unified task. Implementing Client/Server Computing A client/server bond product ties the processors together to provide a single system image (illusion). Shareable resources are positioned as requestor clients that access authorized services. The architecture is endlessly recursive; in turn, servers can become clients and request services of other servers on the network, and so on and so on. This type of application development requires an entirely new set of programming skills. User interface programming is now written for graphical user interfaces, whether it be MS Windows, IBM OS/2, Apple Macintosh, or the UNIX X-Window system. Using SQL and a network connection, the application can interface to a database residing on a remote server. The increased power of personal computer hardware enables critical database information to be stored on a relatively inexpensive standalone server. In addition, this server can be replaced later with little or no change to the client applications.

Implementation Level

Oracle Corporation released the first commercial RDBMS that used SQL. Although the original versions were developed for VAX/VMS systems, Oracle was one of the first vendors to release a DOS version of its RDBMS. (Oracle is now available on more than 70 platforms.) In the mid-1980s Sybase released its RDBMS, SQL Server. With client libraries for database access, support for stored procedures (discussed on Day 14, "Dynamic Uses of SQL"), and interoperability with various networks, SQL Server became a successful product, particularly in client/server environments. One of the strongest points for both of theseSQL Server powerful database systems is their scalability across platforms. C language code (combined with SQL) written for Oracle on a PC is virtually identical to its counterpart written for an Oracle database running on a VAX system.

An Overview of SQL

SQL is the de facto standard language used to manipulate and retrieve data from these relational databases. SQL enables a programmer or database administrator to do the following:

• Modify a database's structure
• Change system security settings
• Add user permissions on databases or tables
• Query a database for information
• Update the contents of a database

According to Dr. Codd, the term SQL can be confusing. The S, for Structured, and the L, for Language, is undemanding enough, but the Q is a little misleading. Q, of course, stands for "Query," which--if taken literally--would restrict you to asking the database questions. But SQL does much more than ask questions. With SQL you can also create tables, add data, delete data, splice data together, trigger actions based on changes to the database, and store your queries within your program or database. Unfortunately, there is no good substitute for Query. Obviously, Structured Add Modify Delete Join Store Trigger and Query Language (SAMDJSTQL) is a bit cumbersome. In the interest of harmony, we will stay with SQL. However, you now know that its function is bigger than its name. The most commonly used statement in SQL is the SELECT statement (see Day 2, "Introduction to the Query: The SELECT Statement"), which retrieves data from the database and returns the data to the user. The EMPLOYEE table example illustrates a typical example of a SELECT statement situation. In addition to the SELECT statement, SQL provides statements for creating new databases, tables, fields, and indexes, as well as statements for inserting and deleting records. ANSI SQL also recommends a core group of data manipulation functions. As you will find out, many database systems also have tools for ensuring data integrity and enforcing security (see Day 11, "Controlling Transactions") that enable programmers to stop the execution of a group of commands if a certain condition occurs.

Popular SQL Implementations

This section introduces some of the more popular implementations of SQL, each of which has its own strengths and weaknesses. Where some implementations of SQL have been developed for PC use and easy user interactivity, others have been developed to accommodate very large databases (VLDB). This sections introduces selected key features of some implementations. In addition to serving as an SQL reference, this article also contains many practical software development examples. SQL is useful only when it solves your real-world problems, which occur inside your code.

Microsoft Access

We use Microsoft Access, a PC-based DBMS, to illustrate some of the examples in this text. Access is very easy to use. We  can use GUI tools or manually enter your SQL statements.

Oracle7 Language

In view of the above discussion, it is obvious that in creating an object oriented programming software, the importance SQL is inevitable. In integrating parent-child relationship, SQL is very important. From SQL, Insert, Update and Delete Command are helpful. In a nut shell, we exercise Oracle7, which represent the larger corporate database world, to demonstrate command-line SQL and database management techniques. These techniques are imperative for the reason that the days of the standalone machine are drawing to an end, as are the days when expressive one database or one in commission system was enough. In command-line, simple stand+[cedilla]one SQL statements are entered into Oracle's SQL*Plus tool. This tool then returns data to the screen for the user to see, or it performs the apposite action on the database. Most examples are directed toward the beginning programmer or first-time user of SQL. We begin with the simplest of SQL statements and advance to the topics of transaction running and stored procedure programming. The Oracle RDBMS is circulated with a full complement of development tools. It comprises a C++ and Visual Basic language library (Oracle Objects for OLE) that can link an application to a Personal Oracle database. It also comes with graphical tools for database, user, and object administration, as well as the SQL*Loader utility, which is used to introduce internally and send abroad data to and from Oracle.

The Eerie House

My buddy goaded me to hound

Being fair enough I couldn’t sound.

They made me still and swear

As if to indicate to focus me aware

To travel to the eerie abode.

I hopped the timer and the door opened

No one was at hand I was startled.

It was a pitch black, no hum was found

Darkness was all around.

Then I heard laughter and a voice

Making me weird with evil noise

The awful voice whispered

“Go off or you’ll be dead”

But the door was cozy and haze

I couldn’t escape but relighting in stage.

As I took one step up in terror

At once I was iced up in horror

As I saw a bit huge and green

Out of nostril rolled up with fog

The stink was cavernous and sickening

And their exteriors befall stomach-churning.

The mother’s tongue lashed

Out of its mouth flashed

As it tried to gobble me with fear

Its teeth were ghastly red and dear

Blue wet with salivate and fire

It was no fool far alleviates to hire.

I screamed in panic and jumped

My life would end in tragic humped

So I ran for my life in stretch

And somehow I handled to escape from there

As I was in the dark sleep with night mare.

The poem ‘Eerie House’ espressos a fabulous story in folly nature like night dream. In this society, the people are habituated to see and perform folly work in the nature of dreams, but this dreams cannot revitalize the path of actual action of life. Here the eerie house envisage a haunted house which influence human to lag behind the progress of life towars success and prosperity.

War Against Crime

There is no denying the fact that the problem of our modern dilemma lies with the wrestle against the illicit drug trafficking and the spread of drug addiction. Nowadays this difficulty is extremely heightened and as such it is openly connected with the success of the fight against crime, or failure if we poorly fight the phenomenon which is the burning question of the day and indeed a whole variety of social and economic issues. And of course it is most strongly knotted with the number one theme in the world – the struggle against terrorism. 

 Narco-business is one of the financial sources for terrorist groups and bandit gangs. It is well known that 80 percent of heroin is supplied to the world market from some sources involving in terrorism and social immoral activities. And gunmen of certain movements control drug transfer from there to Central Asia and on to Europe through Russia. Terrorism and drugs are absolutely kindred phenomena. They have common roots and similar destructive power. Terrorism, just as narco-business, has a ramified international network and without doubt bears a transnational character. Narco-business also has a pronounced economic aspect. For this reasons, drug addiction as a medical and social phenomenon doesn’t exist without a criminal narco-market network as well as drug sales.

In recent survey it has been detected many countries have today become a colossal user of the narco-potion. Today, according to official data alone, there are about 269,000 drug addicts and there exists more than the actual figure for drug users is much higher. Moreover, the narco-market structure is changing. The drug producers have a conspicuous growth of the share of highly concentrated drugs, and in the first place Afghan heroin, the proportion of which in total drug use constitutes 28 percent out. In the hyper critical state of Modern world, there grows local drug production in the country, including that of synthetic drugs, cheap and producing instant dependence. What’s particularly dangerous is that the number of such laboratories by some expert estimates has greatly increased in Russia in recent years. Unfortunately, the social base of drug addiction is expanding. Today this disease has percolated to all sections of society, encompassing the territory – world wide, especially the depressed areas. This is leading to an avalanche-like spread of AIDS. By experts’ estimates as revealed so far in the world statistics, 90 percent of the HIV-infected catch the virus precisely through intravenous drug use. As before, most of the drug addicts – up to 53 percent – are persons with no definite occupation. It is they who strengthen the army of distributors now as well, which in its turn gives go up to a crime flare.

The melancholic strain is that drug addiction has got much younger. The total number of sick persons has increased by nine times over the recent period, and among adolescents by 17 times. The “average age” of those who have for the first time tasted drugs barely exceeds 14 years. In drug trafficking In this context, it is evident from the recent survey, Russia is not only a “terminal,” but also a transshipment point. Drug syndicates have undertaken a real expansion in Russia. It has become a favorable transit passageway for them.

By experts’ estimates, one dollar invested in a narcotic – for example, in Afghanistan – grows into super profits after the sale of the drug item in European countries. And the overall volume of your and our market – the Russian market – exceeds 1 billion dollars. Power agencies obviously put up with the brunt of the fight against the drug mafia. Here we will inevitably have to strengthen, both financially and with cadres, all of the services that are associated with this kind of activity – the fight against the drug mafia. By the detention of drug goods alone we cannot solve this problem. Only a small part of merchandise gets confiscated. Experience shows that the detainees are mostly petty retailers, and sometimes also those who need being treated themselves.

In this connection it is time in general to revise the criteria of work in this direction. We must put up a barrier to all the ways for drug penetration into illegal trade, smash the infrastructure of drug networks and eliminate demand. The reasons for the powerful drug “invasion” lie not only in the proximity of the countries of the Golden Crescent. For it there are loopholes in Russia itself – financial, legal, and administrative and, of course, social. In addition to one more important aspect of the problem – the attitude to this question of society itself. Drugs are percolating even to social institutions which are responsible for the upbringing of young people baptized to serve as an blockage to drug pushers, the enlightening institutions, regrettably, are fetching a bridgehead for drug allocation. We’re encountering the indifference of both the school and parents. Today every fifth recruit brings to the army with him an experience of drug use with all the ensuing consequences for security agencies.

Drug use should not be allowed to become a subculture or fashion. Unfortunately, we’re observing signs of this. Even worse, books are being freely sold that propagate a “narcotic lifestyle.” All of these manifestations of a grave social disease have to be fought by legal and administrative and educational methods. Here a substantial workload falls on legislators, legislation in all-purpose, and law enforcement practice. Changes ought to be directed toward stiffening criminal responsibility for the most dangerous narco-crimes. Thought should also be given to the introduction of a practice of replacing punishment with coercive treatment for drug addicts.

Marijuana and hashish are those drugs produced from the plant Indian hemp and accordingly, visible effects of the drugs including reddening of the eyes caused by distention of blood vessels, and enlargement of the pupils. Effects on the mind vary and in general visual awareness is increased and ideas flow more quickly. These drugs are not addictive and there is no evidence that they harm the body. There is a jeopardy, however, that the drug taker’s sense of judgment will be distorted so that reckless or foolish behavior can result. Lysergic acid DI-ethyl amide (LSD) is an example of a hallucinogenic drug, so called because it gives rise to dramatic eccentricity. The effects of LSD trip are erratic and seem to depend upon the mood of the user without more ado before taking the drug. It could for instance intensify awareness and perception to the point at which the user undergoes mystical experiences or it may intensify a depressed, fearful or agitated mood with horrendous results. One more problem with LSD is that very miniature quantities have powerful effects, and since illegitimately formed drugs vary in quality drug takers can never be sure how much they are taking. An overdose of LSD can result in insanity or death. Another problem with LSD is that very small quantities have powerful effects, and since illegally produced drugs are extracted from the seed capsules of the opium poppy. Opiates are medically important as painkillers. But drug takers use them because they give rise to approach of well beings, pleasure, and power. It may be apologetic to articulate when the effects wear off the taker becomes anxious and depressed and is tempered to take another dose to restore a good mood, a course that can lead to addiction. Morphine, heroine, and other drugs that are often injected involve the risk of infection from dirt hypodermic needles. Besides this, Barbiturates and amphetamines are used immediately to relieve anxiety and as sleeping pills. But they are dangerous because the dosage must be continually increased to be effective. Barbiturates are often used in combination with amphetamines and other stimulants. These reduce the sleepiness induced by barbiturates with a feeling of mental alertness. Amphetamines harm the health by reducing the appetite, by causing sleeplessness, and by reducing the body’s ability to fight infection. Hence it is clear that the drug as have been reflected so far is illegal unless they are used under medical supervision. The illegal use or sale of these drugs can result in colossal punishment under the enactment of the government as implied.

In view of the above it is evident that the possibility of providing castigation for drug advocacy needs to be geared up. The state parties ought not to limit to isolated establishments, every one on behalf of the state need to create a network of healing centers where up-and-coming methods of treatment and return of people to a normal social life should be the prime factor. Regrettably, drug addiction has ceased to be a “disease of the rich only,” and hence we must expand the network of state institutions for the poor. But at the same time we need to develop and create a transparent legal base for the work of private sectors. An important set of tasks is connected with the eradication of financial channels for narco-business, which can be cut off not only by fighting against unlawful elements, but also through the use of a whole system of special measures as a tentative flow.