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Tuesday, September 4, 2018

Dispondent


The bird sat on a wall with a piece of stone 
Stitched in its tail as if her ghoulish mood 
frightens all the time who closes her 
To embrace the embodied gestures of prey. 
The bird looks at agitating as if it starves 
to listen the whispering voice 
Whoever thinks to offer the logistics 
The paddy, guava and like other hays 
She cannot throw her eyes to catch 
To have newness in the meadow 
Like glistening and watching the beams. 
The bird is the symbol of luster 
In newness and old unhappy messenger. 
She waits for justice whoever hates her 
To beat her starving debt day by day 
To snatch love and high risk 
In the green trees of life laden 
Seize all the time hereinafter for peace. 

The bird is like the quilt and luxury 
Nobody likes her sitting on the wall 
She collects food for living 
And dancing alongside in the gentle bridge.

Kh. Atiar Rahman is a prolific author as well as a poet who has started writing articles, poems, stories and novel from his school life. He was a brilliant student. His main theme of writing is bedded on Literature, soil, nature, science and history. He was born in the former district of Kushtia. Till now, he has written more than three thousands articles and 1200 poems. 

Kh. Atiar Rahman is a prolific author as well as a poet who has started writing articles, poems, stories and novel from his school life. He was a brilliant student. His main theme of writing is bedded on Literature, soil, nature, science and history. He was born in the former district of Kushtia. Till now, he has written more than three thousands articles and 1200 poems. 





Comilla War Cemetery 

As a Counter Part officer of FEEM (Finance for Economics and Economic Management) Course for Mid-level officers of Bangladesh Civil Service conducted by Financial Management Reform programme in collaboration with Financial Management Academy, I had an opportunity to visit Commonwealth War Cemetery of Comilla in 2006 in connection with a study tour. In my opinion, this cemetery inspires people to dedicate for the sake of truth, welfare and overall democratic hopes and aspiration.
Freedom is such a word with which a man can cherish to develop his lot in respect of cultivating mechanism of democratic institution as a faltering flow. If we look around the tomb, we will find the names of the world heroes of different castes and creed throughout the world. As a wordless bystander of world history, Commonwealth war cemetery is situated with its past magnificence at Mynamati of Comilla enthralling the ecstasy of loneliness under ever green natural beauties delimited by numerous plants, trees, grasslands and herbs. About uncountable attractions of the people, this memorial park has been engraved with respects and dignity. Even if, this world cemetery has added a new dimension of this glorified district towards heritage, culture and ritual of Bangladesh. Not only in Bangladesh, this historical cemetery has won the outstanding vision of the people all the way through out the whole world which whip the heart of the people in the sense that the heroes who had laid down their lives for the cause of egalitarianism and emancipation of the country are really the great men who have not well thought-out their self greediness rather they have dyed-in-the-wool their lives to run off with freedom from the despotic rulers.
Due to the gallant touch-wood of mammoth memories of World War II (1939-!945), the name of this historical cemetery has been spread far and near in due sense of honour and high esteem for such freedom fighter as they had dedicated their lives for the just cause of heroic deeds. They did not lag behind from the warfare thinking about their children, fathers and wives and their close kith and kin. They have never looked behind and never been deviated from their sacred duties to safeguard their mother land bedded on good faith, unity and trust with the creator. They have never made any breach of trust with the widespread people and their blood mixed with their reliance and philosophy of life. This memorial tomb is in times gone by momentous because the soldiers from different walks of life coupled together and fought in the battle turf. They died for the sake of freedom and success to establish democratic rights of the people. They are the symbols of national hero and the people from different countries of the world memorialize their painstaking life of war with acclamation bedded on praise and somber mood.
According to the accounts placed on the wall of the world cemetery, 736 soldiers have been buried here symbolizing their contribution in World War II for their courage, heroism and hardihood. The soldiers were from Russia, Japan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Burma and many other parts of the world. The carved names upon these necropolises are undoubtedly declaring their loyalties to establish equality and liberty of the people. We behold the tomb glittered with golden rays of the sun with cosmopolitan outlook and find unrestrained spiritual and eternal peace of life.



Mother Language Day of Bangladesh
It gives me immense pleasure to put pen to paper something about our mother tongue as it is acknowledged as International Mother language Day on 21st February in every year through out the whole world and it is sanctified by titivating flowers and holding in the highest regard the memories of those language martyrs who had laid down their lives for the cause of establishing the dignity of our fortitude as a nation by raising our heads like other nations tentatively. The 21st February is a red-letter day in the history of our mother tongue. It is a very significant day in view of good judgment that we have been able to establish our mother tongue as our state language.

It is our glory and inspiration that we have achieved freedom from the movement of this day. We think that we could not achieve our freedom if 21st February was not emergent in 1952. Due to the movement of this day, we have shown our agitation against the rulers of the then Pakistan and even the people irrespective of castes and creed took part in the movement having been influenced by the gallant touchwood of Bengali nationalism. The word ‘nationalism' comes down from the heritage, culture and tradition of a particular country which indicates uniformity in respect of one faith that is the language conventionally uttered from a child which is his actual identity. Nationalism is such which vividly gives an acquaintance in the sense in what language he expresses his mode of his explicit desire as to what he wants or what he would like to do. So our heritage is expressed as a token of ideal acquaintance as Bengali Language with which we survive on full faith of livelihood and as such every elegiac influence is concerned in achieving the recognition of this day in the world. We can think our own belief that we are created equally in respect of expressing our own tradition, culture and religion which is bedded on our soil, grass, plants, creeper and our dwelling place. We cannot think even for a moment that a boy is treated more or less as a terrorist or miscreant or he is excommunicated at an immature stage. If we lose our faith in our own nationalism, we need to be responsible to build him or her who can give his identity as a Bengali nation. To speak the truth, the 21st February, as a symbol of blaze illumination is our rectitude for which our survival as Bengali nation has been reflected through out the whole world.

In this day some young persons of our country have bequeathed to create resistance against the conspiracy of our mother tongue. They have intensified the movement by degrees and being polemical, the then rulers have invaded them and ultimately they had shot them dead. This is such a movement where our heroes have laid down their lives for the cause of elevated deportment of our mother tongue. In the whole world, such unprecedented movement has never been taken place. Like each year, this year has carried out this day with due somber mood and prominence. We celebrate this day with honour according to the heritage of the country. This day is mixed with our Independence Day as if it is mixed with our blood. The heroes who have laid down their lives for the cause of our equality, liberty and national prestige of our country shall remain ever memorable to us.

Ours is a least developed country and we are passing through a great perturbation against terrorism, bribing, and dishonesty and embracing a cause of policies of misleading the people. We want all the ends of such mischievous activity from the social life. We should memorize the great sacrifice of the martyrs who had saved our mother tongue by dedicating their lives. Consequent upon this, we achieved the 21st February as an ‘International Mother Tongue Day' in 1999. This is a great achievement in the world to show our best regards to our Bengali Language. It is a rare example in the history of mankind. Furthermore, the dignity of our mother tongue is worthy of achieving the highest honour as the poet in this language has been awarded ‘Nobel Prize' and even in many European and American countries such language is taught and a certain part of the people in the world this language of their own accord. Many great men have been born in this beautiful land which is the best contribution of the world. There is a great history in the background of our mother language and this is highlighted through struggle in the history and for this reason our mother tongue has been mixed as if in our sensitivity and essence through thick and thin.

In fine, if we would like to preserve the prestige of Bengali nation, we need to pay great eulogy praise to the martyrs. They had laid down their lives for the restoration of democracy and freedom of economics. Their activities are undoubtedly of heroic deeds. If we dedicate ourselves for the cause of equality and liberty of our country, their departed souls will be peaceful and effulgence. In every year, we celebrate this day by showing homage to them and shower the flowers to the ‘Shaheed Minar' in order to solemnize their memory and achievements contributed to the dignity of our mother tongue. If we look around the world, we will find that our language has occupied a specific position with its own widespread vision and cosmopolitan outlook. A large number of foreign books are being translated in this language and our education and culture are being enriched every time. We should bear in mind that from the language movement of 21st February, our movement of independence has been accelerated and in 1969, the verdict of the peoples right have been established that the people of this country understand the meaning of real patriotism for which due to unprecedented agitation against the erstwhile Pakistani rulers, they took part in freedom fight and won victoriously and in this way by 9th months active struggle, our country came into being as Bangladesh in the map of the world. The nationalism which the people have understood was hidden in the mainstream of language movement of 21st February which was our only a magnificent crowd-puller for which a history has been created having encountered with the birth of our country as a free nation virtually.

In view of the above, it is obvious that the birth of our nation has been reflected through the movement of 21st February which was a long way great effort bedded on active protest against the tyrants. Such movements need to be learnt by rote and we should vigorously feed the kitty, in the edifice of our own distinctiveness as a brave nation in the world where there will be no corruption, terrorism, breech of trust and anarchism. Otherwise, our hopes and aspiration will be nipped in the bud and such ill ethnicity of polluted environment will be continued from era to era and century to century for which a healthy conscience like an ogle of the dazzling sun cannot forgive us.

Thursday, August 2, 2018

Global Warming is a threat to the survival of Polar Bears


The concept of global warming envisages the warming of the atmospheric layer where the volume of the Carbon dioxide gas is tremendously increased. The state of growing up of Carbon-di-oxide exists due to shortage of plants and trees and green house effects. This global warming is a threat to the survival of polar bears of arctic regions. Polar bears are ferocious and killer animals but they have a vital role to keep the environment free from pollutions. And as such our environment remains healthy and upkeep due to survival of such mischievous animals on artic regions..


We are conversant that the ultraviolet ray emit from the sun and due to tremendous increase in atmospheric layer, ozone layer is licked and ultraviolet rays pass through he ozone layer and fall into the surface of the earth.. As a result, the earth’s surface layer is warmed up and ultimately, the height of the sea level goes up. In this respect, the modern scientists believe that one day, the earth will remain inundated under water. Due to the global warming taking place into the arctic region, ice melts down and as such polar bears find difficulties to survive on earth. In this case, some polar bears are found missing and somehow, some survive through continuous suffering and painstaking efforts. The polar bears who somehow survive find less food during this time. When their hibernation starts, they cannot be able to save sufficient food reserves in the form of fat inside their bodies. Thus, due to colossal effects of global warming, polar bears are being died out day by day.

Polar bears are of great use to usas it destroys poisonous insects and other dust particles which are wasted away by tremendous flow of current in the sea level. A Polar bear is a gigantic animal which damages all sorts of debris ahead of them while locomotion. It develops a separate entity inside the arctic region and survives for years together. No separate entity is to be developed around the globe outside arctic region. There is no denying the fact that the Polar Bears are dreadful animalsand as such hunting of polar bears is difficult. The smelling power of polar bear is very high for which it can easily learn the whereabouts of the prey. The hunter generally shoots from a long distant apart to the polar bear and suffice it to say, it is very cumbersome to reach them by haunting but it is tamed by long time technical training and observation thoroughly the nature of the animals.

Canada is homespun to circa 16 000 of the appraised 20 000–25 000 polar bears in the global polar areas. It is no wonder that the polar bear, an icon of Canada’s wildlife heritage, is of great cultural significance to the Canadian people. For the Inuit and many northern communities, polar bears are especially significant culturally, spiritually and economically. Canada has a solepreservationconcern to safeguard these iconic creatures. This is one reason why Canada has amplified investment in observing efforts in current years. Canada’s portfolio schedule for polar bears is designed to ensure that there are up-to-date population estimates for all 13 subpopulations that occur in our country. While monitoring is thought-provoking due to the distant and inhospitable environment of the Arctic, population estimates can help ensure that management and upkeep actions are applicable.

In view of the above, global warming is a great threat to the survival of the polar bears, a wide ranging dangerous species  throughout the world. In the field of ecological balances in between the living and the non-living things, polar bears play a vital role to keep our environment healthy and pollution free.




Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Rules for Assigning Oxidation States

 

The oxidation state (OS) of an element corresponds to the number of electrons, e-, that an atom loses, gains, or appears to use when joining with other atoms in compounds. In determining the OS of an atom, there are seven guidelines to follow:
1.       The OS of an individual atom is 0.
2.       The total OS of all atoms in: a neutral species is 0 and in an ion is equal to the ion charge.
3.       Group 1 metals have an OS of +1 and Group 2 an OS of +2
4.       The OS of fluorine is -1 in compounds
5.       Hydrogen generally has an OS of +1 in compounds
6.       Oxygen generally has an OS of -2 in compounds
7.       In binary metal compounds, Group 17 elements have an OS of -1, Group 16 of -2, and Group 15 of -3.
(Note: The sum of the OSs is equal to zero for neutral compounds and equal to the charge for polyatomic ion species.)
 le 1: Assigning OSs
Determine the OSs of the elements in the following reactions:
a.        Fe(s)+O2(g)→Fe2O3(g)
b.       Fe2+
c.        Ag(s)+H2SAg2S(g)+H2(g)

SOLUTIONS
A.       Fe and O2 are free elements; therefore, they each have an OS of 0 according to Rule #1. The product has a total OS equal to 0,
B.        and following Rule #6, O has an OS of -2, which means Fe has an OS of +3.
C.       The OS of Fe corresponds to its charge; therefore, the OS is +2.
D.      Ag has an OS of 0, H has an OS of +1 according to Rule #5, S has an OS of -2 according to Rule #7, and hence Ag in Ag2S has an OS of +1.

Example 2: Assigni
Determine the OS of the bold element in each of the following:
A.       Na3PO3
B.       H2PO4-

SOLUTIONS
A.       The oxidation numbers of Na and O are +1 and -2. Because sodium phosphite is neutral, the sum of
B.        
C.       the oxidation numbers must be zero. Letting x be the oxidation number of phosphorus, 0= 3(+1) + x + 3(-2).
D.       x=oxidation number of P= +3. 
E.       Hydrogen and oxygen have oxidation numbers of +1 and -2. The ion has a charge of -1, so the sum
F.       of the oxidation numbers must be -1. Letting y be the oxidation number of phosphorus, -1= y + 2(+1) +4(-2), y= oxidation
G.       number of P= +5.

Example 3: Identifying Reduced and Oxidized Elements
Determine which element is oxidized and which element is reduced in the following reactions (be sure to include the OS of each): 
A.       Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2
B.       2Al + 3Cu2+→2Al3+ +3Cu
C.       CO32- + 2H+→ CO2 + H2O

SOLUTIONS
A.       Zn is oxidized (Oxidation number: 0 → +2); H+ is reduced (Oxidation number: +1 → 0)
B.       Al is oxidized (Oxidation number: 0 → +3); Cu2+ is reduced (+2 → 0)
C.       This is not a redox reaction because each element has the same oxidation number in both reactants and products:
D.       O= -2, H= +1, C= +4.
(For further discussion, see the article on oxidation numbers).
An atom is oxidized if its oxidation number increases, the reducing agent, and an atom is reduced if its oxidation number decreases, the oxidizing agent. The atom that is oxidized is the reducing agent, and the atom that is reduced is the oxidizing agent. (Note: the oxidizing and reducing agents can be the same element or compound).

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Redox reactions are comprised of two parts, a reduced half and an oxidized half, that always occur together. The reduced half gains electrons and the oxidation number decreases, while the oxidized half loses electrons and the oxidation number increases. Simple ways to remember this include the mnemonic devices OIL RIG, meaning "oxidation is loss" and "reduction is gain," and LEO says GER, meaning "loss of e- = oxidation" and "gain of e- = reduced." There is no net change in the number of electrons in a redox reaction. Those given off in the oxidation half reaction are taken up by another species in the reduction half reaction.
The two species that exchange electrons in a redox reaction are given special names. The ion or molecule that accepts electrons is called the oxidizing agent; by accepting electrons it causes the oxidation of another species. Conversely, the species that donates electrons is called the reducing agent; when the reaction occurs, it reduces the other species. In other words, what is oxidized is the reducing agent and what is reduced is the oxidizing agent. (Note: the oxidizing and reducing agents can be the same element or compound, as in disproportionate reactions).
A good example of a redox reaction is the thermite reaction, in which iron atoms in ferric oxide lose (or give up) O atoms to Al atoms, producing Al2O3.
Fe2O3(s)+2Al(s)→Al2O3(s)+2Fe(l)
Another example of the redox reaction is the reaction between zinc and copper sulfate.

Example 4: Identifying Oxidized Elements
Using the equations from the previous examples, determine what is oxidized in the following reaction.
Zn+2H+→Zn2++H2
SOLUTION
The OS of H changes from +1 to 0, and the OS of Zn changes from 0 to +2. Hence, Zn is oxidized and acts as the reducing agent.

Example 5: Identifying Reduced Elements
What is reduced species in this reaction?
Zn+​2H+→Zn2++H2
SOLUTION
The OS of H changes from +1 to 0, and the OS of Zn changes from 0 to +2. Hence, H+ ion is reduced and acts as the oxidizing agent.

Combination Reactions

Combination reactions are among the simplest redox reactions and, as the name suggests, involves "combining" elements to form a chemical compound. As usual, oxidation and reduction occur together. The general equation for a combination reaction is given below:
A+BAB
Example 6: Combination Reaction
Equation: H2 + O2 →H2O
Calculation: 0 + 0 → (2)(+1) + (-2) = 0
Explanation: In this equation both H2 and O2 are free elements; following Rule #1, their OSs are 0. The product is H2O,
which has a total OS of 0. According to Rule #6, the OS of oxygen is usually -2. Therefore, the OS of H in H2O must be +1.

Decomposition Reactions

A decomposition reaction is the reverse of a combination reaction, the breakdown of a chemical compound into individual elements:
ABA+B
Example 7: Decomposition Reaction
Consider the decomposition of water:
H2OH2+O2
Calculation: (2)(+1) + (-2) = 0 → 0 + 0
Explanation: In this reaction, water is "decomposed" into hydrogen and oxygen. As in the previous example the
 H2O has a total OS of 0; thus, according to Rule #6 the OS of oxygen is usually -2, so the OS of hydrogen in H2O must be +1.

Single Replacement Reactions

A single replacement reaction involves the "replacing" of an element in the reactants with another element in the products:
A+BCAB+C
Example 8: Single Replacement Reaction
Equation:
Cl2+NaBr−−−→NaCl−−+Br2
Calculation: (0) + ((+1) + (-1) = 0) -> ((+1) + (-1) = 0) + 0
Explanation: In this equation, Br is replaced with Cl, and the Cl atoms in Cl2 are reduced, while the Br ion in NaBr is oxidized.

Double Replacement Reactions

A double replacement reaction is similar to a double replacement reaction, but involves "replacing" two elements in the reactants, with two in the products:
AB+CDAD+CB
Example 9: Double Replacement Reaction
Equation: Fe2O3 + HCl → FeCl3 + H2O
Explanation: In this equation, Fe and H trade places, and oxygen and chlorine trade places.

Combustion Reactions

Combustion reactions almost always involve oxygen in the form of O2, and are almost always exothermic, meaning they produce heat. Chemical reactions that give off light and heat and light are colloquially referred to as "burning."
CxHy+O2CO2+H2O
Although combustion reactions typically involve redox reactions with a chemical being oxidized by oxygen, many chemicals "burn" in other environments. For example, both titanium and magnesium burn in nitrogen as well:
2Ti(s)+N2(g)→2TiN(s)
3Mg(s)+N2(g)→Mg3N2(s)
Moreover, chemicals can be oxidized by other chemicals than oxygen, such as Cl2 or F2; these processes are also considered combustion reactions

Disproportionate Reactions

Disproportionate Reactions: In some redox reactions a single substance can be both oxidized and reduced. These are known as disproportionation reactions, with the following general equation:
2AA+n+An
Where n is the number of electrons transferred. Disproportionate reactions do not need begin with neutral molecules, and can involve more than two species with differing oxidation states (but rarely).
Disproportionate reactions have some practical significance in everyday life, including the reaction of hydrogen peroxide,
 H2O2 poured over a cut. This a decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide, which produces oxygen and water
. Oxygen is present in all parts of the chemical equation and as a result it is both oxidized and reduced. The reaction is as follows:
2H2O2(aq)→2H2O(l)+O2(g)
Explanation: On the reactant side, H has an OS of +1 and O has an OS of -1, which changes to -2
for the product H2O (oxygen is reduced), and 0 in the product O2 (oxygen is oxidized).


Raja Ram Mohan Roy

There is no denying the fact that Raja Ram Mohan Roy had had the recognition as the 'Maker of Modern India'. He was the founder ...