Hand Accounts and Monthly Accounts

Hand Account  is such an account prepared manually. It is done in Upozilla and District Accounts office where computerized Accounting System (iBAS) has not been introduced. They record transaction on the basis of debit and credit scrolls received from the bank (Bangladesh bank/Sonali bank) in their prescribed register. They firstly account for the cash receipt and cash payment. As per date they record the daily transaction and consolidate it after the end of the month. In this case, the following three things are done as per bank statement of the bank sent to the accounts office.

1. The daily total
2. The monthly total
3. The schedule which is  compiled with the monthly accounts.

According to the debit scrolls and credit scroll, they complete all the receipts and the payments in their receipts and payments register. They do it by consolidating the figure as per daily transaction according to economic codes and dates as shown in the debit and credit scrolls of the bank statement. Similarly, they record each and every transaction as per payments through authorities/cheques sent by the relevant accounts offices. This system is followed on the basis of debit and credit scrolls received from the bank. That is to say, this procedure is adopted in connection with the receipts through treasury chalan and issued cheques from the accounts offices.


In case of passing the bills, they keep compilation register where each and every transactions are recorded as per relevant offices under the Ministry. They record according to economic codes like pay, allowances, pension, supply and services, repairs and maintenances, purchases against non-current assets. After passing the bill, they consolidate the figures in the form of gross payments and net payments. Net payments are made after deductions from the gross payments. With Gross amount they prepare schedule and compile it by preparing schedules of all deductions. Of course, all the deductions are consolidated in a recovery register and after wards monthly accounts are prepared. In preparing monthly accounts the following procedure is followed.

1. All the receipts and      payments are compiled together for the purpose of preparing schedules
2. All the deductions are      consolidated together in a separate schedule.
3. All adjustments are done      and taken into considerations carefully for the purpose of consolidating      the figure of receipts and payments.

It may be mentioned here, while noncash transactions are done that should be completed in the separate adjustment register. Any miscoding corrections, payments through authority, GPF interest and the balance of GPF transfer etc. and even vested proper payment is also recorded as noncash transactions in the book adjustment register.


Monthly accounts prepared by CAO : 

There is no denying the fact that the the respective Ministry keeps budget under MTBF and accordingly submits bills to the respective CAO office in each month. The CAO Office passes the bill after proper verification and audit. The bill is processed in IBAS system where token number is automatically generated against respective ID of the officers and the DDOs. Afterwards, the cheque entry is completed in the system and ultimately cheque is issued.  After completing the whole process in IBAS, monthly accounts is prepared and submitted to the CGA Accounts. Before doing so, reconciliation is done between the CAO Office and the Ministry and even any ambiguity is observed during the process of reconciliation, necessary correction is promulgated through adjustment of passing journal entries.


It may be pointed out here that no statement on future advanced payment is done by the CAO Office and as such the respective Ministry prepares budget and they can prepare the statement in the sense that how much needs to be paid in future 3 months. Only the statement of 3 months ahead of payment can be done by the Ministry office. It is clear that budget is estimated and substantiated by the Ministry on approval of MOF where advanced estimation is made by them not CAO Office. In case of projects of autonomous body, funds are released and accounted for in 3 installments on the basis of approval by the MOF and appraisal approval by the administrative Ministry. Also G.O of the administrative ministry may be essential in every cases of payment to be made by the CAO. But during the course of final payment, approval of the Finance ministry is inevitable.


Appropriation Accounts:
This refers to such accounts which is prepared by CAO on the basis of budget and expenditure made during one year. In every year, this sort of accounts is done by CAO with the approval of the relevant Secretary of the administrative ministry and sent to the CIVIL Audit for vetting. This is a vital document in respect of all receipts and expenditure of a ministry. Suffice it to say, The original budget is placed in the Parliament in the form of order for grants and Appropriation. The parliament sanctions the demand  for Grants and Appropriation on the primary units of the Appropriations by economic code group relating to revenues and development for each ministry of division separately.
The following factors are important relevant to appropriation accounts of a financial year:

Supplementary grant: Where the original grant is not sufficient, additional budget may be provided  for as Supplementary grant.

Appropriation: it is the assignment to meet the specific expenditure of funds as the disposal of the assigning authority.

Re-appropriation: it is defined as the transfer of funds from one unit of appropriation to another.

Revised estimate: it is the administrative arrangement  by the Ministry of Finance in which in some specific cases, the original grant is reduced or  enhanced as per request of the Line Ministry.

Appropriation account: the Appropriation account indicates the variation between actual expenditure incurred and the final grant. It also explains the reasons of variations.:

CAO’s responsibility:

It is the responsibility of the CAO Offices  to :

• Obtain      acceptance for the figures from the PAO
• Obtain      reasons for variation of items identified.

The PAC will examine the reasons provided to evaluate:

1. Whether      the variation is indispensable
2. Whether      the variation could have been foreseen
3. The CAO      should ensure that re-appropriations are prepared under the guidance of GFR      rule 107.

The government account is prepared through the concept of commercial accounting procedure. All the revenues and all payment are included in government finance and appropriation accounts with which the budget of the government is prepared. A budget is the statement of revenues and expenditure for the next year. The complete transaction is carried out through the Integrated Budget and Accounting System.

Dr Faustus, A Harbinger of Black Magic

Christopher Marlowe, a Pre-Shakespearean poet and author whose great achievement is Dr. Faustus where he has tried to enlighten his historical background in flourishing a great success in the field of religion and resurrections of life which revolutionized a tremendous but wonderful age of science, religion, divinity and renaissance. Dr. Faustus’s soul has been come down to this ephemeral world as a shower of deadly sins and some aesthetes of reforms of human society. Dr. Faustus was an uncommon talent in the sky of Divinity, philosophy and psychology in Utenburg University in Germany for which he had had the recognition of the world as a rare personality. Having observed such divinity and brightness in his soul, Lucifer grew jealous of him and thought within himself that he would purchase the soul of Faustus in exchange of giving 24 years kingdom in the world.

Afterwards, considering positive views, Lucifer had sent proposal to Dr. Faustus through Mephistopheles by visualizing that he would take pleasure from the world, as he would like to do so for fulfilling his mission by committing deadly sins, as he deems fit. Afterwards, Dr. Faustus circumstantially carefully thought about the proposal of Lucifer and asked Mephistopheles regarding the creation of the world. In reply, Mephistopheles informed him that Lucifer had got all sorts of preeminence to control over hell and he wishes to invite him to the hell by way of a deed. Faustus further asked the deputy of Lucifer about the creation of the world and the heaven. Mephistopheles did not say any single word regarding this and remained silent for a while and after that he went away. In the next day, Mephistopheles came and tried to realize his consent and having heard this, Faustus had given his consent and determined to sign the bond and aftermath one-day, he had signed the deed. During 24 years kingdom, he had committed seven deadly sins and he had enjoyed the world, as he had liked to do so as he had murdered uncountable people to satisfy his wrath, sloth and blood appetite.

In the next, his evil doings were very fatal and jeopardized the lives of the people. He had destroyed houses after houses to make his shelter permanently on earth like heaven. He had tasted every crime and promoted his soul as the souls of devil which tantamount to the work of Lucifer, the so-called owner of hell. The logic that has worked in the heart of Faustus is that being supremacy, he must try to master every impossible things into possible and within his own jurisdiction and even he had learned the murky world, which was out of enlightened world. His quest of knowledge was perfect in the sense of insincere and dishonest mood not in ideal perspective ideology. During the course of that time, Christopher Marlowe was of uncommon talent in using blank verse in creating an epic tragedy type of literary works where one man’s achievement and life styles would be vividly expressed. Marlowe found truth in using blank verse that in every of the facts and figures envisaging the ups and downs of the actor must be stigmatized or honored by his fate and fortune. In the context of Dr. Faustus, Marlowe has tried to reflect the following critics, which are the miracle history through out the whole world.

Religious flow: In order to be enlightened properly one needs to be conversant with religion. Marlowe has tried to show this criteria and has reflected the basic strategy which are hidden and flourished in course of time by utmost efforts and hardihood in a systematic and exemplary manner. To speak the truth, Dr. Faustus has administered ‘Black Art’ which are the murky world and the people through out the world practice it to flourish a relationship with lively and mortal soul. He had tried to establish such maxim of scientific research in order to spread his craftsmanship in cultivating the dark world. He has explored some magic spells with which the departed souls surround him with the message of good fortune and bad fortune.

The process of resurrection: Dr. Faustus is the portrait of evil soul as Marlowe has tried to show and reflect the critic attitude of lamentation and regeneration through thick and thin. He had committed seven deadly sins from which he was not absolved. He did not know the creator while signing the bond with Mephistopheles but in the end as a token of tragedy; he came to learn the actual mystery of creation of the world and the existence of Lord. He begged apologies to God and had tried to exonerate from the punishment of hell but his soul was ultimately handed over to the hands of Lucifer, supreme power of hell. According to Lucifer, he is right in the sense that he had purchased Faustus’s soul in exchange of 24 years kingdom in the earth for which Faustus agreed happily and had ruled over unduly in the earth, which was in no circumstances recognized in the eye of honest personality. During his ruling, he had never tried to learn the existence of God, which he became conversant in the last part of his life.

Faustus had created a miracle history in the world in the perception that he had committed crime in such a manner, which were the extreme and deadly affairs from which one can never get rid of. Due to the fact, God has created the human beings to applause him to beautify the earth by their bestowed knowledge and skills whatever he would learn during his lifetime. But Faustus, being uncommon genius, he had spent his life through darkness and evil manner and as such, despite his regeneration all his hopes and entreaty had been nipped in the bud. This is tremendous tragedy that has been created by Marlowe for which consequences were very mischievous and fatal.

The fact is that Dr. Faustus learned the real logic of knowledge but he applied the sense of divinity and perfection in complete evil manner. This is the difference between an evil person and a good person. Hence Somerset Maugham says,

” It is difficult to pass over the razor’s edge,

But the wise say, the path to salvation is hard”

In view of the above, it is obvious that Dr. Faustus became lamented and whatever attitude and feelings had been expressed in the next for remission of punishment envisage the basic needs of the earth. The people on earth want peace and prosperity even though they commit crime. To the eye of almighty, the super power of the world, everything is worthy of forgiving except committing crimes like Faustus. The wrongs and the blunder, that is the murky and the honesty go side by side and this world is so beautiful with the mixture of the two. The adjustment between the two is fatal which Dr. Faustus repeatedly and spontaneously had committed and these phenomena are not acceptable by God. So, the evils committed by Faustus were not inclined to forgive. Though, he was regenerating and had an ultimate object to get rid of from the hands of Lucifer, but he could not be able to come over the difficulties because his deadly sins had not permitted him to leave his past behavior in question. But his process of regeneration has created a miracle history to cultivate the strength and power of spiritual world.

Dr. Faustus was an uncommon talent and his knowledge in almost every branch were undoubtedly the realm of truth and good harvest in the eye of universal perfection. Lucifer, the veteran devil having seen the trend of divinity and real soul had sent him to hell by deteriorating him in the darkness of evil doings. The force that has been intensified in the backbone of Faustus was embedded on mischievous debris and heinous conspiracy by Lucifer. The fatal consequences of Faustus show the human society how to lead his life in ideal manner. The teachings of human beings that we achieve are particularly logical for real life to enter into the path of truth and the actual rhyme of salvation.

The concept of development strategy

There is no denying the fact that embryonic countries constantly demonstrate a predisposition to bring in the policy pronouncement of highly developed countries in their delicate resources despite the shifting of overall socio-economic procedure virtually. In bona-fide world state of affairs aspects that next to influence the strategy decisions of budding countries are found fictional in progressive countries. It is evident that reserve constraints and technical non-progressive phenomena are two focal setting that formulate the budding countries reliant upon the advanced countries. The highly developed countries make available financial assistance for the economic development of the developing countries through unusual multilateral and bilateral donor agencies, which are officially termed as ‘Development Partner’


The ‘Development Partner’ all the way through their lending tricks play a vital role in the policy-making method of developing countries. The intact process is now more evident in an interestingly uni-vocal world order that materialize after the collapse of communism as a governing and economic system in the 1980s. The international financial agencies more than ever the World Bank and International Monetary Fund as policy shift pursued a free-market-based world order where the developing countries were urged, cajoled and hard-pressed to initiate market economy through structural modification reforms.


As a result, over the last one-decade developing countries have made changes in their state oriented development strategy mostly in line with the policy advice of the Development Partners.

Development Partners. tend to justify their role in policy decisions of recipient countries that aids are given from the taxpayers’ money of the advanced countries who preserve the right to know whether money is being utilized in proper ways. Despite continued financial assistance by the Development partners a vast majority of world population in the recipient countries live under the poverty line and unable to meet their basic needs. Increasingly Development partners are becoming concerned with the aid effectiveness and often attribute the underdevelopment of third world countries to their inappropriate internal policies. Although the failure of IMF’s policy advice in managing the financial crisis in East Asia has given rise counter argument that the economic crisis afflicting the developing countries was fundamentally global in nature


The World Bank in its policy research report, “Assessing Aid, What works, What doesn’t, and Why” has laid emphasis on the internal policies of the recipient countries as important factors to make aid effective. In different international forums including the Aid Consortium Meeting that held under the auspices of the World Bank, the Development partners review the policy issues of the recipient countries with top priority; and before making any aid commitment want to make it sure that appropriate policy environment is prevailing in the recipient countries.


Among the Development partners the World Bank (WORLD BANK) is the most important whose confessional financial assistance has allowed it enormous access in the policy making process of developing countries which we can see with particular reference to Bangladesh.


The WORLD BANK has been working in Bangladesh since 1972, soon after the Independence. Robert D. McNamara was the First WORLD BANK president visited Bangladesh in the year 1972 to assess the aid requirement of the war devastated country. The then highly nationalistic government that led to the liberation of the country from occupying Pakistani forces was very much critical about the Bank’s close allies with the Pakistani regime. The dispute that emerged between the Bank and GOB was the issue of the Bangladesh’s share of debt liability. GOB declined to take the responsibility of debts taken by the erstwhile Pakistan government from different bilateral and multilateral donor agencies/countries. In the First Aid Consortium meeting of donor countries, which was held in Dhaka in March 1973, the Bank exerted pressure upon the government to come to a solution on the debt issue. After long parley the then government had accepted an inherited debt liability of $483 million against the projects, completed before independence and physically located in the territory of the erstwhile East Pakistan. The process through which Bangladesh resolved it’s past debt liability was viewed as highly instructive and mentioned as a glaring example of the Bank’s pressure on Bangladesh. But dependence upon the external aid left very little option for the government of the newly independent country to reject the Bank’s conditional lending offer. Domestic resources that were available to the economy found inadequate to implement the development projects. As a result, despite the Bank’s controversial role in the liberation struggle, the GOB had to accept conditional external assistance to implement the first five-year plan, which was launched in 1973. In the subsequent years, dependence of the country on the mobilization and influx of foreign funds into Bangladesh for financing not only the development projects but also the import of food items and essential commodities, has become more institutionalization.


The WORLD BANK as an important single source of aid to Bangladesh co-ordinate the Aid Consortium for Bangladesh. The creation of the Bangladesh Aid Consortium has institutionalized the leadership of the World Bank. The resident mission of the WORLD BANK, which is the largest in Bangladesh, conducts detailed research on different aspects of Bangladesh’s economy. Since 1972 the Bank’s concessional lending arm, the International Development Association (IDA), has financed more than 167 operations with loans of about $8.2 billion. Till September 1998, Bank loans of more than $2.05 billion fund 21 projects in Bangladesh (The World Bank, 1998). Initially the Bank’s approach was more humanitarian; and, the Bank worked closely with others to revive the war-torn country’s economy. Early projects financed by the Bank were cyclone shelters built in the coastal areas of the country.


In the early years, the Bank supported efforts to expand agricultural production, which have helped Bangladesh achieve a self-sufficient food supply, and to develop population and family planning programs that have dramatically lowered the high fertility rates. From the mid-1980s, the Bank expanded support for more energy projects and helped to reduce the country’s dependence on imported energy. Since early 1990s the Bank and other Development partners by keeping pace with the global change pushed the government for allowing more private sector participation in the public sector management and diverted the aid flow for the social sectors like health and education, which have direct impact on poverty alleviation.

Death of a Salesman

Recently, I have gone through a book named ‘Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller who has tried to bring about a contrast of feelings of a man who had a long cherished desire to be entrenched in life for bright future by rendering services of a sales man. But as ill luck would have it, he was not being able to reach his goal. The author in this book has allegoric in regard to  some loss of distinctions of American Society where an honest and sincere man can not fulfill his mission to survive on earth. The book deals with some factors where a man working as a salesman find his fortune illuminated as well as trimmed in respect of money and wealth. The hero of the book is Willy Looman who had taken a job of a Salesman in a reputed industry of America with which he wanted to lead his life with glistening future. In American society, a person who takes the job of a salesman can see his bright lot because; this type of job is very lucrative and fascinating for any people in the so-called civilized society. 
 

In his early age, he has taken the job of a salesman and as such he has seen dreams to be great by creeping up the ladder of ascending in the high strips of social life. But, in this respect, his speculations as applied in his case were implanted on uncertain and out of his doctrines as well as the philosophy of the extreme bent with age. The ideals in which he was being able to reach his goal were utterly the product of different culture and heritage. He had his wife and two sons for whom he was encountered to bring them up in a proper way but all his attempts were in vain due to his honesty and ideal emblem in dealing with his superiors and colleagues. But the people whom he was always ventured upon did not like this discernment. According to the author, he did never adopt unfairmeans to climb the ladder of a good and honorable position from where he wanted to make something constructive for the bright future of his children. Happy and Biff were his sons whom he had uncommon love and affectionate had tried his heart and soul to make them happy in a significant manner. Biff, being his eldest son asked his father to lead life like others inclined to be rich and wealthy over night following the rules to satisfy the superiors in an illegal manner. Willy was a responsible person for which he had never hankered after ill money and rather he led his life in a sophisticated manner with which he had to suffer a lot in both mentally and physically. He worked hard during his lifetime and he had travailed in distant places for the sake of his profession. Arthur Miller was only the personality who understood the modern philosophy of life and the culture as traditionally reflected in the form of social conflicts and contrasts spontaneously. He introduced two trends of conflicts that were of tragedy and the ill treatment of upper class society and their callous gluttony. Death of a Salesman was a play of misfortunes and social conflicts that were accepted by American Society. If we umpire the frustrations and screaming of Willy’s mind, we will find such way of human psychology which is tremendously extensive and critical in due sense of social friction. In this connection, Willy’s life has been personified with flower, leaf, dream and grass by bringing a tremendous metaphor, which show the realms of his long frustrated life.

Willy Looman was a silent worker who had created his own world of livelihood for which he had no complaint against the authority responsible for his well beings and rights for survival. He had seen his colleagues very new in the job of salesmanship, but they got promotion and bright future despite their lacking in skillfulness in the profession .He, on the verge of infirmity of age, submitted an appeal to David Wagner, his boss that he would like to get a job of an Office Assistant where he might get mental satisfaction. Having heard this, his boss flew into a rage and informed his inability of doing so and consequently, he was so much agitated that made him swayed to die. In the last part of the story, Willy’s whole life was bedded on wrong persuasion and due to such similar ideology, his eldest son Biff said that his father’s whole life was filled with wrongs. This is a great question for us, which teaches us that no man in this world should be neglected and it is our sacred responsibility to show our best regards for the oppressed people in the society who are down trodden and are suffering from deprivation and ill-treatment of the people who create difference amongst people. Arthur Miller was an author who minutely judged the dissimilarities of social life and tried to reflect in his literary creativity virtually. We claim that we are the citizens of modern society but we don’t care for a man who is really a rare resource personnel to develop our country and whose contribution needs to be recognized by the people who are in power for implementation of one’s model or their realms in particular field. It is our shame that we are afraid to face the challenge of reality, which Willy was unable to win over all misfortunes and injustice like Wagner and others that tidied him. If we look forward the socioeconomic condition of the civilized nation, we will observe that many people are swindled to one’s prey of callous gluttony and tyrannized system of ruling for which he has to suffer whole life and his family. We are the creations of one creator who has urged to establish equal justice and rights of the people but we forget in every step in our duties and responsibilities.

Arthur Miller in his famous book, death of a salesman has intensified the ideals of a real man that are the sole devotees of religion, model of real life situation and moral obligation in most predominating manner. In the society of America, any one can cherish high ambition of bright future after entering in the service of salesmanship but in the case of Willy, the opposite thing happened what had flabbergasted the people of the civilized domain who need reforms of society in a systematic manner. In fine, he had been deprived and deviated from being embedded with higher rank as promotion enjoying social status. The author has criticized American society that with the end of a man’s future, the futures of his other members of his family were nipped in the bud. The author has critically examined the supplication of Willy looman and expressed his comments in favour of his modesty contributing the beauty of life. The author Miller has collected materials from social surroundings where men women relationships and philosophy of reality and the realms of survival are coherent on earth by bringing a factual contrasts of feeling of mankind. He reaffirmed some literary objects in the pages of his mind, which acted like the mirrors of social unrest and evils committed by them. The author has envisaged a different critic who was like a brief candle whose survival depends on a little fuel and when it is finished, he will no more exist on earth. A man burnt with mental distortions can not create his own image in social life because he has travelled in wrong way. In this connection, Robert Frost says,”

“Two roads diverged in a wood,

I took the one – less travelled by

And this has made all the difference “

In view of the above, it is obvious that Willy had a separate world to roam about into the shadow of a moving life. He was in the habit of purposing such a manner on the ground that he had failed to switch over the difficulties. The authority wanted him to be punctual in dealing with modern self-absorption that is reflected as the realm of dishonesty and insincerity. I like this book because I have found honesty of Willy’s heart that had not hunched down to the sacrificial stone of the authority of injustice and distortion. Willy’s heart was craving for impartiality and honesty but the people of modern American society had not performed anything good and mundane for his prolific achievement in the society rather they denounced him for honesty and reality towards carrying out his tasks in toto. In this context, a few lines of William Shakespeare are worth mentioning:

” Out! Out! Brief candle

A life’s but a walking shadows

A poor player!

That struts and frets his hour upon the stage

And then is heard no more, it’s a tale

Told by an idiot, it is full of sound and fury

Signifying nothing “

Family

The people as a whole in the world is the family
Family of God, the creator of the universe
If the people suffer from hunger and scarce
God becomes unhappy up to a race;
To see how the people turn their positions
To be happy and prosperous in question.
There is difference between rich and the poor
God sees everything and watches over day and night
Who are the persons commingle forward
With faith and integrity to support the people
Who are rich and wealthy to see the lot
Of the people bright and updated.
The animals and the birds of the same feather
Which are equal in the eye of the Creator
Who in time create and destroy on dearth
For peaceful life with love and fraternity
In times of hopes of aspirations lively and
Deadly in line with significant change
Upon the nature in environmental deeds of
happiness and laughter; to fade one to
another life inmate with the non-living.
like the empty words of restive opulence
In the wake of peace herein after.

Shakespeare

William Shakespeare has occupied a great off-planet of poetic diction and it is he who has dimensionally been dedicated to contemplate human conflicts with different critics and psychological aspects of life in a penetrating and blood-and-guts materialization by bringing contrast of feelings for metaphorical representation and reflections of factual events. In his almost all play’s, Shakespeare has correlated the sense of using poems to show the ethics of human conflicts and contrasts by bringing similarities and dissimilarities of human attitudes with the nature and the tremendous beauties of forceful happenings what is ordered and disciplined. In composing sonnet, he has intensified his views regarding nature by bringing contrasts with human conflicts and attitude in question. He was a personality of poetic distinctness with which he was well versed in trimming the common thing into the depth of illuminated realm that is sequentially philosophy of life mammoth, intensive and bedded on wide range of truth and preponderated




As has been reflected in the sonnet XXIX by William Shakespeare, a true love of his beloved with nature has been vividly contemplated in a weighty manner. The poet thinks that his love for his beloved will be never ending. Even, some changes may occur in nature which always show the sequence of transient trend of life. The influences on change-ability of the nature over the earth are melancholy and transitory. Human beings are developed in the earth and flourished through some changes day by day after a short span of time, causing decay and destruction, he dies and his everything on earth is faded away as a symbol transient growth of nature. The poet thinks that he has unlimited love towards his beloved and this love is never changed as the nature changes and develops and withers. The beauties on earth are temporary and as such melancholic strain prevails in its every influence over the plants, environment and the situation that occurs after alteration of the nature. The earth is changing with the changes of nature and his love cannot be changed which is permanently bedded on integrity, peace and faith in his heart. The poet presents a true love, which is uncommon, but illuminating conflagration will occur spontaneously. The nature is encountered with interminable sequence of earthly objects and beauteous emission occurs in the mental attitude of the poet. To speak the truth, the poet has an immense love for his beloved and in exchange of anything it is pure and unparalleled. The poet envisages that due to changes on the nature, his love will never be changed rather it will be hidden forever. In his poem, the theme is ideally judged in terms of allegorical meaning of real love and purity of life. Like wise, in his every sonnet, the critics of men women relationship are the mainstream and these are metaphorically reflected like the glittering rays of the sun. Similarly, Shakespeare’s other sonnet like Sonnet No. XXIII and sonnet No. XXII and XVII respectively, and in this connection, almost same attitude and feelings have been placed as a token of love, sympathy and demerits of love have been vividly contemplated. Of course, Shakespeare has written a number of poems on nature like ‘Under the Green wood tree” where he has expressed the feelings to live under the green wood tree. In his famous comedy,” As you like it”, he has emphasized the importance of nature in the sense that nature in the forest of Arden is the symbol of peace and tranquility of life where the people irrespective of caste and creed can live life long as the best place to live peacefully under the green wood tree. Only there are some adverse materials that are rough weather and winter bare that may focus rough ingredients against dealing normal life. But if a man is accustomed to live in the forest, he may overcome such difficulties easily. William Shakespeare in his almost literary works like Much adieu about nothing, As you like it, A mid summer night’s dream, Othelo, Tempest, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Cresida and Troilus, Twelfth night etc., has written poems showing the sequence of love, contrast and conflicts of life.

The poet Shakespeare has given priority to reflect something on the expansion of morality of human beings as envisaged in his famous book, ‘Measures for Measure’ and in order to flourish it; he has emphasized the beauty of life’s race and its widespread implication of love in a significant manner. These are tremendously influenced in the story because Shakespeare knew the beauty and ornaments of life and as such he has applied the sense of sophistication and responsiveness in his characters. Indeed, his poems are the sources of inspiration of life from which he has drawn a nice contrast in every of his creativity. It is really a basic rhyme when Shakespeare creates a message of sympathy and inspiration. Hence the poet says,” Cowards die many times before their deaths, the valiant never taste of death but one’. In his famous sonnet,” Crabbed age and youth”, he has carefully thought about the actual entity of youth envisaging the rhyme that youth is the source of all happiness”. In this poem, the prolific readers know the consequences of old age that is a bar to progress and prosperity of life. But Shakespeare says that youth is like a summer morn where age is nimble and winter bare. In Shakespeare’s poem, the universal demand of life is the increasing attitude of its own dimension reflected as bright object of scattering every where to substantiate all hopes and aspirations of life. The poet has sometimes extended his writing towards insignificant shadow of black cloud in the sense that love and fraternity are precondition to achieve bright future of life and its pattern of explicit criteria lie in between merits and demerits. In Macbeth he has shown that over ambition is a dangerous thing and he says the following statement, which are pedagogical aspects in the silent world envisaging a clear stream of reason in the wake of a shadow which is trimmed and idealistic in the eye of real personality worthy of skeptical and inquisitiveness.

” Out! Out! Brief candle

A life’s but a walking shadows

A poor player!

That struts and frets his hour upon the stage

And then is heard no more, it’s a tale

Told by an idiot, it is full of sound and fury

Signifying nothing “



In view of the above, it is obvious that the poet’s love is heavenly dedicated which lies forever. It is neither perishable nor changeable. According to him, his perpetual and happy love always remains in his inward eye, which reveals the utmost sphere of livelihood. His life is without love for his beloved does not show any significance of real life in due sense. In Hamlet, Shakespeare has ideally applied the sense of human conflicts that are basic strategy of life. He has presented his Hamlet in different literary feelings and philosophy of life by applying various rhymes of poems to retaliate real life situation that envisage the critics of human contrast and conflicts as the reflections of social problems. Hamlet is the name of an actor where the lines of poems as resorted by Shakespeare are animated, relevant and furthermore; these are tremendously favourite in the eye of the prolific readers who are the critical devotees of Shakespeare. It has duly stirred the heart of the readers in view of its beauty of truth to expand the maxim of human problems and its widespread solutions. William Shakespeare was the greatest author for all times. He was the only personality who had scrutinized firstly the dimension of human psychology and added the increased truth of beauty inside the literary feelings. In Hamlet, he had critically examined the philosophy of human conflicts and tried to bring about a change in between the critics of men and women by way of poetical diction.



Shakespeare’s Hamlet has been bequeathed as a token of ideal personality who had tried to his utmost heart to enlighten his inquisitiveness feelings about his father’s death. He was dumbfounded to see the uncle’s behaviour for his marriage with his mother. He was mentally tormented with thoughts about his unusual departure from this ephemeral world. He was informed about his father’s death but it was falsely implicated. Despite this darkness, he came to learn about his father’s killers by way of the ghostly spirit of his father. But he was found restless in the state of meticulous suspicion about his father’s death. So he arranged to act a play ‘ The murder of Gongago’ where the facts and the critics of the drama will cause the killers predominated to understand their reactions of mind for commission of crimes which was heinous in the eye of a healthy society. There after, he was confirmed about the culprits of his father who left him desolated like unseen and unknown about what had happened to him. He promised to take revenge against them – Claudious and his mother. His famous remarks are widely vibrated towards the audience greatly. He uttered to his utmost heart as an outcry of his feelings for survival on earth. ” To be or not to be, that is the question”. He was dedicated within himself that he would either die or live in taking revenge. He had delayed to revenge in the sense that he was suffering from indecision.

Shakespeare’s senses of application in composing sonnets and other poems are unparalleled in the realm of poetic world. Normally, a sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines, which is full of emotion and deep thought. Shakespeare’s sonnet has a unique entity, which show the sequence of universal quest of love, fraternity, enmity and human contrast in a systematic way. Shakespeare was only the personality who understood the modern philosophy of life and the culture that traditionally reflected social conflicts and contrasts spontaneously. He introduced two trends of conflicts that were of tragedy and the play within tragedy. Hamlet was a play of misfortunes and social conflicts, which were accepted by the then social conditions and the crisis as reflected in his play for accelerating the basic strategy of life. William Shakespeare has been successful in reflecting human contrast and feelings of love universally in creating separate world of poetic diction.

Human rights of poverty based Ethiopia

 Human rights of poverty based Ethiopia

There is no denying the fact that the Child labour existing in Ethiopian has been a great hurdle for affluent the prospects of developing them as good citizen in a country by receiving proper education. Many years passed, the United Nations research group has been carrying out their research work to find out ways and means, that owing to scarcity, the parents are duty-bound to propel their children to occupation in order to sustain their family. There is no denying the fact that modern civilization has been thriving by degrees by assembling edifice, block, and walls and over bridges for various purposes; in a nutshell, efforts are always appointed to stratify the great work as a tentative flow.. There is a good ground for every development works in the world for which the limitless pains, men’s power of endurance and unrelenting feelings are implicated a lot. Indeed, all sorts of educational institutions like schools, colleges, universities and every project and office profiles have been constructed by enormous using sufficient bricks, trees and soils.

Formerly, the world was full of forests and there were uneven soils like ragged mountains and hills. In course of time, the people felt needs to enter into the world of civilization. To speak the truth, they learnt the techniques of cultivating the land, making fire and fuel for preparing their foods and ultimately, they became conversant with the useful things very convenient to them by conquering the world of science and technologies. In this momentary world many uncommon talents came out and made the world astonished by miracle discoveries and inventions. In those work, men and women are equally engaged where it is evident that a child is only a child, not a boy, not a girl who is applicable in Ethiopia and in the light of socio-economic condition of Ethiopia, education is their birth right.


It is evident that modern society is more often than not male subjugated where women still pine away in an substandard position put side by side to men because of the social pattern and stick with customarily held social values. There is, however, an escalating responsiveness that women’s position must get better as a matter of their right; and that, for national development also, mainstreaming of women in all walks of national life is indispensable. Ethiopia is differentiated by a high population density (460 persons per sq. km. as of 1999), a high population growth rate (about 2.2 per cent), a very low per-capita income (about US$ 112 as of 1999), a very low adult literacy rate (12 per cent), and widespread being without a job and underemployment (one-third or more of the available labour-time in the country). About 26 per cent of the population aged 9 years and above constitute the civilian labour force. While women constitute half of the population, their labour force participation rate is only 4.1 per cent against 41.4 per cent of men. Open redundancy rate is 3.1 per cent for women against 1.1 per cent for men and underemployment rate for women workforce is even higher measure up to men. Since the mid-1978s, the Government has, in acknowledgment of the fact that women’s class must get better and that women should be implicated in nation building behavior for an orderly progress of the society, adopted policies and measures aimed at enhancing women’s status, promoting employment opportunities for them, protecting their rights. On top of these, the Constitution of Bangladesh, adopted in 1979, has guaranteed equal position to women.
The Constitution of Bangladesh enshrines women’s equal status with men before law; women shall have equal rights in all spheres of state and public life, and equality of opportunity in respect of employment or office in the service of the Republic. They should not be discriminated against because they are women. In fact, the Constitution provides that special steps should be taken for the advancement of women. However, Article 39(c) states that any class of employment or office may be set aside for members of one sex on the ground that it is considered by its nature to be unsuited to members of the opposite sex. If not properly interpreted, this provision may allow scope for abuse and provide a cover for discrimination against women.





The position of building the children is difficult nowadays because of expansion of child labour and as such it is found, not only in our country but also through out the world, the number of child labour are enhancing day by day. Due to the fact, the effort to develop the children by proper education is being adversely hampered. Suffice it to say that a class of people in the name of establishment, they are employing the children as child labour in different factories, offices and other places in some manner by way of offering very low wages. The world is immensely beautified by her unbounded nature where the forests and the animals, hill and mountains have been flourished by the best ecosystem with relevant ecological balances with the factors of climate and weather. In the world, as the antidotes of medicine to cure diseases, the poisonous chemicals are being used up to manufacture the same. In this connection, it is important to mention that the dreadful diseases like cancer, coronary, blood cancer and aids etc., are no longer a problem or dreadful impediment to human beings. If we look around the world, we will find that the environment is being polluted every time from water effluence when mosquitoes lay eggs on standing water of the river, ponds and pools etc. When dirty and unexploited ingredients are thrown into water, the water is polluted tremendously. In Great Britain, the various chemicals are used in different large plants and projects; accordingly, acid rains occur recurrently. In doing such jobs, child labour is being engaged on a large scale. Suffice it to say that various poisonous gases are being produced to a great extent by tremendous use of poisonous chemicals and burning bricks for which the world around us is being polluted to a large extent. In all these phenomena, child labour has been a great manpower to contribute to work extensively and from this day forward, we should save them by creating awareness in social life in question. The work which has been done behind civilization of the world, child labour has been employed in embryonic manner as because; the children coming from poor family have been employing themselves as child labour. The child who will be brought up with due care, they are working parallel to the adult labour. There is no denying the fact that the provisions to enlarge meticulous care to the child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child espoused by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and accepted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and in the position and relevant mechanism of focused organization and intercontinental organizations concerned with the welfare of children. According to such provisions of law, the children of Ethiopia need to be engaged in education at the age of 5, rather than they are becoming labour force. According to UN charter they have their birth right for achieving education virtually.


We should remember that, as accurate in the declaration of the Rights of the Child, “the child, by reason of his bodily and psychosomatic juvenile behavior, needs special protection and care so that can be properly educated and can raise their heads in the world ideally and significantly, including apposite legal fortification, before as well as after birth”,


The Convention on the Rights of the Child was acknowledged so that heir opportunities for education can be established ideally and released for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989.



It has been highlighted that, in accordance with the principles broadcasted in the Charter of the United Nations, appreciation of the intrinsic self-esteem and of the equal and incontrovertible rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, we should bear in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person and have determined to endorse social progress by receiving proper education and better standards of life in larger choice,it has been acknowledged that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone in poverty based countries like Ethiopiaand Somalia entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without characteristic of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, it has been reminded that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood for proper education is entitled to special care and assistance, Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community, it has been stated that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality in respect of education, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and sympathetic consideration. It has been stated that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity. It has been expressed that the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and globally; the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the management of Juvenile Justice


We should bear in mind that, in all countries in the world, there are children living in unusually difficult conditions and that such children need special contemplation for taking due explanation of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for the fortification and harmonious development of the child. We should bear in mind the importance of international co-operation for improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries, for the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child’s or his or her parent’s or legal guardian’s race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. 2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or chastisement on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child’s parents, legal guardians, or family members. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration. It has been stated the States Parties embark on to ensure the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures.


It has been stated the states Parties should ensure that the institutions, services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as well as competent supervision. It has been stated the States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, managerial and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation. It has been stated the States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention.


It has been avowed the children, irrespective of old or young of Ethiopia shall be listed immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to get hold of a nationality and. as far as possible, and the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents for education for development properly. It has been stated in UN charter that the States Parties should ensure the implementation of these rights according to their national law and their obligations under the relevant global instruments in this field, in particular where the people ofEthiopia would otherwise be stateless. It has been stated the states Parties undertake to respect the right of the humans living in Ethiopia to preserve his or her uniqueness, including nationality, name and family kindred as recognized by law without unlawful intervention. The people living in forest, slums, streets, heartless people who are found begging need to be sorted out and they should be placed in a position which is appropriate for their improvement. The social system and other welfare organization should come forward to settle them in a systematic manner by way of proper education. Other wise the hopes and aspiration as envisaged in UN charter would be nipped in the bud and in this context, William Shakespeare says:





“Out! Out! A brief candle,


A life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player,


That struts and frets his hour


Upon the stage,


And then is heard no more,


It is a tale;


Told by an idiot,


It is full of sound and fury,


Signifying nothing”

The street children and their overall survival strategy

There is no denying the fact that street children are those who are homeless, helpless, found living on the street and pass miserable lives. The true character of a society is revealed in how it treats its children. When we see the children, the way they are dressed, completely emaciated, we are really moved. The children who sleep in the streets, reduced to begging to make a living, are testimony to unjust, unfair and inhuman policies that we have embarked on. Those in government every day brag about their economic and development achievements but they don’t tell us how these are benefiting children, whose numbers are continuing to increase on the streets.

The reward of economic progress and development will and must be measured by the happiness and welfare of children. Where there is economic progress and development children must no longer be threatened with the scourge of hunger, destitution and hopelessness.Children are the most vulnerable citizens in any society and the greatest of our treasures. But today, our children are increasingly being forced onto the streets by poverty, abuse, abandonment, or as result of being orphaned by AIDS. The warning to the nation made by Teddy Mulonga, the permanent secretary in the Ministry of Sport, Youth and Child Development, needs to be taken very seriously. Mulonga is not an alarmist on this score. He is simply and boldly putting the reality to us as it stands. Mulonga warns us “the problem of streetism is a time bomb which if allowed growing can explode and have a telling effect on the security and economy of our country”. Wherever we turn in our cities and towns today, you will not fail to see street children. They are stopping cars or people to beg or ask for money. If we look at them closely – their faces show strain and sadness, their clothes are rugged and dirty, others appear hungry and suffering from ill health and malnutrition. There is something mature beyond their years in their haunted expressions. At night, we can see them hurdled along street corners, in doorways, or in any dry and secluded corner. They are the representatives of a growing multitude of children who have become known as “street children”. The presence of large numbers of children as young as three on our streets was virtually unheard of prior to the introduction of the current neo-liberal economic policies by the MMD. This problem requires urgent attention as it threatens the very fabric of our society.


And a starting point would be to get an understanding of who these children are and the factors that turn them into street children. Street children face untold hardship and danger on the streets – the lack of food, clean water and adequate healthcare. Living on the streets exacts a terrible toll on street children. They are often prey to every physical and moral danger and as they grow older, they often become a danger to others. After such precarious childhoods most of them are condemned to spend their lives excluded from mainstream society. Tomorrow, if present trends continue, they could be blight on our urban civilization. For us, tomorrow is already here. Street children are not only blight on our urban civilizations; they pose a serious obstacle to overall socio-economic development in our country. What stands out is the sad fact that everywhere, children living on the street are ignored, scorned, mistreated and misunderstood by society and by the government. We tend to view these children as troublemakers, a nuisance or menace that needs to be taken off the streets. Few stop to ponder why these children are on the streets, where it is apparent they are not enjoying themselves. Clearly, identifying reasons for the existence of street children is crucial in finding a permanent solution to the problem. It is becoming increasingly clear that there is no single cause for street children.

While there are many substantive factors contributing to the existence of street children, increasing mass poverty stands out as a major factor. It is poverty that is breaking up homes and families. It is poverty that makes grown-ups turn children into sources of income or into articles for sale. It is poverty, particularly in rural areas, that is making young children move away from their homes. And it is poverty that is turning our society into a vicious and uncaring society. Clearly, street children are the victims of our short-sighted policies, or lack of policies.

They are victims of an uncaring community that is increasingly being characterized by poverty, breakdown of family life, violence and economic hardships. Of all the agents capable of doing something about the problem of street children, the state is perhaps best suited to tackle the issue.

However, part of the tragedy of street children is the way our government has abandoned them to their fate. With each passing day, it is becoming increasingly clear that our government is unable to give this problem the attention it deserves, and is unintentionally contributing to its continuation. While it is true that the government has taken some measures to try and deal with the problems of the youth like the scheme of training young people in life skills at Chiwoko Zambia National Service Camp, effective action to address the problem is yet to be taken, very little is being done to address the problem of street children.


We are ignoring the problem of street children at our own peril. The traditional response to street children by the government has been repression. Street children are arrested for minor thefts, or roaming around. Detention in harsh circumstances is the common lot of our street children. This tells us more about the real attitude of our government than any examination of its policies. Today, the government is increasingly taking ruthless steps to clear the streets of street children and other unscrupulous characters. They do not offer any valuable alternative to the streets. Our politicians seem to be helpless in their efforts to resolve the problem of street children, and have to date failed to prescribe plausible solutions which are realistic, down-to-earth, and concrete.

It appears that the government is paying lip-service to the idea of improving care for street children, but it is influenced by the commonly held opinion that since street children will inevitably wind up as criminals, there is little use in spending public funds for their support.

As a result of this, they have been a target of harassment by law enforcement organizations; there are many cases of street children being beaten and detained by police.

The little that is being done by the government appears too little to make a difference to the plight of street children. Like the government, the community also stands accused of failing to address the problem of street children. We as individuals and as a society have failed to live up to our responsibilities as parents and as custodians of the young. The community tends to hide its head in the sand, hoping that the problem will go away. Unfortunately the problem is not going away but increasing to alarming proportions. Traditionally, a child in an African society was normally a member of the community and could not be separated from it. This meant that even the entitlement that a child deserved was a community matter. A child in Africa used to be the responsibility of each individual member of society and, therefore, children had no need to fend for themselves. They were loved and cared for by society. Today’s children are the responsibility of individual parents and are ignored by the rest of the community. While the number of street children grows by the day, the community remains silent with the exception of a few individuals and organizations. There is no community outreach to the problem. The few soft-hearted or religious ones will throw a few kwachas to these miserable children and move on. There appears to be no community pressure that is being applied to force government action to find a lasting solution to the problem of street children. The community has also failed to organise itself into a dynamic force to address the problem. This is perhaps the saddest and most tragic part of the tragedy that is unfolding in our country. Children are our most valuable commodity, yet we appear to have abandoned them to their fate.

A question that we must increasingly ask ourselves is: how long must it take before the problem of street children attracts the proper attention that it deserves? How many more children must first take to the streets or die because of lack of care on our streets before we can acknowledge that the problem of street children is a very serious one that is likely to affect all of us?

The probable answer, given our present day conditions in Zambia, is that the problem of street children has to grow to enormous proportions before it gets the attention it deserves.This is a tragedy that cannot remain ignored any longer. There needs to be a firm commitment by all concerned parties to tackle the problem and not just ignore it, hoping that it will go away or that other people are going to come to solve the problem for us. We need to find ways to lessen the incidence of children winding up on the streets. In addition to other measures that may be taken by the government, there is need to strengthen the institution of the family.


Policies centred on family can counteract the unanticipated side effects of development, often caused by uncoordinated government policies. A sound policy for strengthening families would recognize the family as the basic unit for the human development and would seek to assist it to cope with change by allowing better access to services. But families cannot be strengthened in the midst of poverty, human degradation and destitution. Neither can families become pillars of strength in the face of increasing injustice, inequality and income disparity. The problem of street children will become less pronounced if families could overcome poverty.

Justice and equitable distribution of resources is likely to have a positive impact on the problem of street children. The task of helping street children seems Herculean. Clearly it cannot be achieved simply by injections of money, or by merely passing laws. Mere material improvement trickling down to the community level will not help either: all these efforts may even aggravate matters unless they are accompanied by programmes which will allow children to develop their potential and by a softening of a punitive attitude towards street children by authorities. There is no longer any reason for governmental complacency. Our children are our country’s future, and our country must invest in them in no uncertain terms. The presence in our cities and other urban areas of large numbers of disgruntled young people can be politically destabilizing. They are the prime targets of those prepared to use violence as a political weapon. Street youths – tough, ruthless, unattached, half-educated, intellectually vulnerable and familiar with secrecy, deception and the subversion of authority – can be perfect recruits. The problem can no longer be ignored.


What is clear is that if we are serious in our efforts to promote children welfare, we must pay urgent attention to the plight of street children.


There is at present no real alarm or outrage from the government or the general public on the increasing number of children on our streets. These children face starvation, are at the mercy of unscrupulous individuals or a brutal police force and often die from preventable diseases. We need government policies which will oversee the protection of children and other vulnerable members of society. And such policies, whether one calls them socialist or welfare states, cannot be sneezed at. Indeed, it is important to highlight that the pioneers and most capitalist of states have in place strong measures which protect children and other vulnerable members of society. The tragedy in our country is the introduction of crude and unhindered liberalization as a strategy of economic and social development. This trend must be reversed in the interest of our children and future generations. It is inconceivable that the welfare of children can be advanced in an environment of mass poverty. It is in this regard that efforts must be made to ensure sustainable development in our country. The government and the community in general need to put in place viable strategies that will ensure that the plight of children is addressed.


Our primary goal is to enable street children to return to life in a caring and stable family environment, either with their own family, foster family, or by living independently in the community. Preventative interventions addressing root causes are needed to stop children moving to the streets, but those already on the streets are at high risk, vulnerable and requiring special protection to enable them to develop. Retrak reaches out to street children, helping them thorough the difficulties and crises that they face everyday, caring and getting to know them as vulnerable individuals and as children and, as trust increases, working with them individually, helping them develop so they can make choices about their lives based on realistic possibilities and their own potential.


Sport brings people together regardless of age, race or background and is a key tool for engaging with street children. Football not only provides an opportunity for the children to have fun in a safe environment, but also improves health and wellbeing, builds confidence, self esteem and personal discipline and promotes teamwork. It enables the children to participate in a positive activity, build bridges with the community through participation in local football tournaments, and helps develop valuable relations with Retract staff who will support them in their transition away from street life.


Many street children survive by picking through rubbish left on the road-side or outside houses and restaurants. Providing street children with a regular meal not only helps their health and development but also provides another opportunity to strengthen the link between the children and our staff. Those street children who are especially weak or vulnerable on the streets may spend their nights at Retrak’s emergency refuge protected from the dangers of the street.


Street children live in poor conditions, rummaging through dustbins and rubbish dumps for anything they can eat. Such an existence leads to malnutrition, the spread of disease and susceptibility to other illnesses. When the children fall ill or are injured they have nowhere to turn and even minor ailments become more serious through neglect. Retrak run clinics which are open to any street child and provides basic medical care and promotes health awareness. Health and hygiene training sessions are also held to improve street children’s understanding around issues such as HIV/AIDS, STIs, and basic hygiene.


Generally, children who live on the streets have experienced trauma, neglect and abuse. They are in need of care, protection and counseling. Social workers build strong relationships with each child and work with them to overcome their past trauma and to explore their opportunities for the future.


Many children who find themselves on the streets are desperate to be educated. Retrak is able to offer basic but imaginative catch up education for the children, focussing on key subjects such as literacy, numeracy, health and HIV/AIDS. The access to education is vital in building up the self esteem of each child which in turn helps to improve their chances of a successful return back into the community.

Retrak works extensively with children who want to leave street life to prepare both the child, and the family, for the return home. We help provide the skills, education and emotional support needed for successful and sustainable integration, and also ease the economic shock of returning home by helping families develop income generating activities.


For some street children it is neither possible, nor in their best interest to return back to their biological family. In these cases, where it is appropriate, Retrak will try to place the child with suitable foster parents to provide a loving home environment.


Each child needs to be given the time and means to make the transition from the streets back to the community. To help this transition and to adjust from street life to family life, children may stay in a halfway home for a short period of time before returning home. Here children can rediscover a sense of community and family as they are prepared and equipped for reintegration into society. Each child shares a cottage with other children, and cared for by a house-parent. In this environment the children become familiar with family life and regain their understanding of family routine and responsibility.


Although we believe that a safe family is the preferred environment for a child to grow and develop, for many street children, the difficulties faced at home are key reasons for them coming to the streets. Retrak works with each family – whether biological or foster – to ensure that children return to a safe, strong and caring family environment. During visits to the family, before and after placement, Retrak’s staffs provide counseling and guidance to family members. This may occur during regular visits or, for foster careers, through regular workshops, and addresses key issues such as child development and behavior, discipline, education, health care and HIV/AIDS.


Retrak’s first priority in reintegration is to explore the possibility of children being reunited with their natural families. Retrak works extensively to prepare each individual child and family for the return home spending time with each family to ensure that they have the means to support their child, and that they understand the child’s past in order to avoid stigmatisation and discrimination. During the first year of resettlement Retrak social workers make follow-up visits and, if necessary, provide the family with an income generating grant to help build a small business ensuring that the family have enough income to support the child.


Foster care is a relatively new concept in Africa and Retrak is one of the few agencies pioneering this for street children. Many of the street children whom we seek to assist cannot be resettled with their families. While institutions can provide for a child’s basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter and protection, foster care is an important and preferred alternative in providing for the emotional and social support which street children need to rebuild their lives.


Foster care ensures that the child is brought up in a stable and loving family environment and has the freedom to play, grow and enter adulthood better equipped, both practically and emotionally and Retrak is working to extend its foster care network.


Suffice it say that, for street children who are unable to return home and are too old to be fostered, Retrak provides an opportunity for them gain practical skills through vocational training. The knowledge and skills they gain assists them in integrating into community with employment skills or capable of living independently. Rather than just alleviating poverty in the short term this project enables vulnerable street children to gain confidence, expand their knowledge and skills base, and generate their own income – thus contributing to the micro-economy of the region. Building on their vocational training or using existing skills and aptitudes, Retrak will help older children set up their own small business, providing practical help and advice, tools and equipment and small amounts of start up capital. Children cannot become empowered change agents to improve their lives and that of their families and communities if they are not safeguarded from abuse, discrimination and harm of any kind, be it physical, sexual, emotional or neglect. While this document relates to the Child-to-Child Trust around the world, it will be necessary in the future for all of our international partners to develop a Child Protection Policy that is appropriate to their own culture and legal system (taking into account the universal human rights standards of the Convention on the Rights of the Child).


It is evident that our mission is to encourage and enable children and young people to promote the holistic health, well-being and development of themselves, their families and their communities worldwide. We believe in children’s active participation and in respecting their freedom of expression and communication, which are advocated in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. We believe that child protection is crucial to ensuring that children under 18 years of age have the rights, confidence and environment in which they can make choices, express their views and communicate effectively with other children and adults.

Child right phenomena

There is no denying the fact that a child is only a child, not a boy, not girl and in preservation of the rights of the children, the role of media cannot be ignored. They can focus the neglected children who are living beyond poverty and scattered here and there and even in remote places. Due to poverty and underdeveloped socio-economic factors in the country, the children are lying neglected and are compelled to engage themselves in reprehensible profession like begging, thieving and pick-pocketing etc., and in this connection it is noted that ours is a developing country and the rate of child labour is increasing day by day. The only reason is illiteracy and poverty for which we are losing bright manpower every time. The respective media should explore such neglected talents and should create the awareness for the wealthy people who have capacity to educate them. The government should hunt and assemble them for their best education for which the proper citizen of the country will be developed in a systematic manner.

The States Parties of the world should recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement. In UN charter, it has been stated that the States Parties should recognize for every child the right to assistance from social safekeeping, including social indemnity and should take the necessary measures to accomplish the full awareness of this right in harmony with their general law.

It has been stated the States Parties should esteem the right of the child who is estranged from one or both parents to preserve personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child’s best interests. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party should, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties should further ensure that the submission of such a request should of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person concerned. To comprehend how women executive in higher-ranking levels in organisations in the world distinguish their roles, how they feel they are being perceived and what strategies they currently use to ensure their effectiveness within their organizations, Louise Coyle, a renowned economist, conducted a research in 1996 on the role of in a developing country and her research phenomena she accomplished that these women worked within the establishment of their own organisation, indeed they were part of the establishment and as such would not overtly acknowledge that discrimination takes place. In a survey of corporate men and women, Hennig and Jardim, distinguished economists concluded the idea in 1996 in the sense that the male and female do have different beliefs, attitude and assumptions about themselves and each other, and about organisations and managerial careers. These differences result in female styles, emphases and responses that are functional for success in management.


It may be pointed out that Valerie Hammond & Vicki Holton stated that in 1984, 41% of the workforces were women (9.5 millions women) in the UK; by 1991 this had risen to 44% or 11 million employees. Twenty eight per cent of all working women held an executive or professional position. A survey by the British Institute of Management found that the number of companies employing women executives increased from 49% in 1986 to 64% in 1990. In the same period the proportion of women directors grew from 4% to 8%. But there are no women chief executives among Britain’s top 100 companies as listed in the Times 1000.Roger Young, the institute’s Director-General said “Men are the key hurdle to women in supervision. Despite some growth, old- fashioned sexist attitude are still common and represent a real, not an imagined, barrier. After analysis of women manager’s statistics of some developed country’s Louise Coyle (1996) concluded that gender discrimination and segregation crosses geographical boundaries and cultures. Women managers face the same discrimination worldwide. Patricia G. Steimhoff & kazuko Tanaka, the statistical analysis of women labour force in Japan, it was observed that, in 1990 women constitute 41% of the labour force with the important shift from the status of family worker to wage earner. By 1990 only 17% of the women in the labour force constitute either paid or unpaid family worker. They commented that, due to the peculiarity Japanese ethos of organisation in Japan women are militated against in the area of management. This is because the vast majority of managers are promoted through the ranks with in-house company training schemes. Seniority is the primary factor. Women are obviously at a decided disadvantage because they tend to have a career break after marriage. They also cited government-led commission surveyed 1497 companies in 1979 and reported that women made up 23% of the workforce but only 0.3 % held decision-making positions. In their intensive surveyed, they commented that the situation has not improved greatly over the last 20 years. Women, at present, are in inferior standing in the world of work in relation to their male counterpart. Brew and Garavan, illustrates that “Women have equality on paper, not in practice”. They concluded that structural and attitudinal barriers dispossess women of opportunity and in order to have optimal effect women-only training must be part of a comprehensive programme designed to remove each one of these barriers. In another article Ms McCarthy, E. examines inequality at a more detailed, almost anatomical level, in the areas of:





· Recruitment and hodgepodge;


· Education and advancement;


· Support;


· Assessment;


· Service arrangements.








Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her identity, States Parties should provide appropriate assistance and fortification, with a view to re-establishing speedily his or her distinctiveness. It has been stated the states Parties should make sure that a child should not be alienated from his or her parents against their spirit, except when competent authorities subject to legal appraisal to settle on, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving ill-treatment or disregard of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living disjointedly and a resolution must be completed as to the child’s place of abode. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification should be dealt with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties should further ensure that the submission of such a request should entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family. A child whose parents reside in different States should have the right to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances personal relations and direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, States Parties should respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own and to enter their own country. The right to leave any country should be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention. It has been stated the States Parties should take measures to combat the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad. It has been stated that to this end, States Parties should promote the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements. It has been stated the states Parties should assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. It has been stated that for this purpose, the child should in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.






It has been stated the child should have the right to freedom of expression; this right should include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child’s choice. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these should only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:


lFor deference of the rights or name of others; or


lFor the security of general safekeeping or of community order or of public wellbeing or morals.






It has been stated the states Parties should respect the right of the child to self-determination of contemplation, scruples and religion. It has been stated the states Parties should value the rights and duties of the parents and, when appropriate, legal guardians, to offer track to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child. It has been stated the freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. It has been stated the states Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly. It has been stated the no restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. It has been stated the no child should be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, or to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation. It has been stated the child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. It has been stated the states Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and should ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health. To this end, States Parties should:





lTo prop up the accumulation intermediate to disseminate information and material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29;


lTo give confidence international co-operation in the production, exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural, national and international sources;


lTo hearten the production and dissemination of children’s books;


lTo support the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous;


lTo egg on the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being; we should bear in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18.





It has been stated that the states Parties should use their best efforts to ensure acknowledgment of the standard that both parents have common household tasks for the education and expansion of the child. Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians, have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests of the child will be their basic concern. It has been stated that for the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present Convention, States Parties should render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and should ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children. It has been stated the states Parties should take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible.





It has been stated that the States Parties should take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, should be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.


lIt has been stated that the states Parties should in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child.


lSuch care could include, inter alia, foster placement, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institution for the care of children. When considering solutions, due regard should be paid to the desirability of continuity in a child’s upbringing and to the child’s ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background.





It has been stated the states Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption should ensure that the best interests of the child should be the paramount consideration and they should: To ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child’s status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counseling as may be necessary to recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative means of child’s care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child’s country of origin to ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption to take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption, the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it to support, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements and endeavour, within this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent authorities or organs.





It has been stated that the States Parties should take suitable actions to ensure that a child who is seeking immigrant status or who is measured a migrant in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures should, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties. For this purpose, States Parties should provide, as they consider appropriate, co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child should be accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or temporarily deprived of his or her family environment for any reason, as set forth in the present Convention.








It has been stated that the States Parties make a distinction that a emotionally or in the flesh render inoperative child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child’s active participation in the community. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and should cheer and ensure the lean-to, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child’s condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child. 3. We should bear in mind the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article should be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child and should be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child’s achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development States Parties should promote, in the spirit of international cooperation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In this regard, particular account should be taken of the needs of developing countries. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into account the resources and the circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other consideration relevant to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child. It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development. The parent(s) or others responsible for the child have the primary responsibility to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities, the conditions of living necessary for the child’s development. It has been stated that the States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means, should take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right and should in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.








It has been stated that the States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties should strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services and it is evident that they should pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, should take appropriate measures:





v To diminish infant and child mortality;


v To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;


v To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution;


v To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;


v To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;


v To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services. States Parties should take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.


v States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized in the present article. In this regard, particular account should be taken of the needs of developing countries.














From the above viewpoint, it is clear that a child is only a child, not a boy, not a girl. If we look around the world, we will find that there is no difference between men and women because they are equally positioned in the society in respect of education, social customs, research and ruling the country and in this respect, we should not disseminate a child being neglected and rather, the social force should pick such contribution to develop them in a proper way. We should not hate a child being a beggar or a maid servant. We should educate them and the authority should come forward to help them by providing hierarchical needs in question. It has been seen even, in many families, good behaviour is reflected towards them. Even, they are very much careful about building their moral and institutional shapes. In our country, many children are passing their lives miserably and the adversities know no bounds. In order to remove such bottleneck against developing, the society should come forward with a definitive purpose to settle them in a healthy environment so that they can flourish themselves in a befitting manner. There is no doubt that due to lack of proper education and good environment specifically who are living in slums, may be involved in immoral activities like thieving, robbing, snatching and terrorism. In order to amend them from being fallen, the society should rehabilate them in a proper way, if necessity the media can create awareness in this respect. In order to love the child, one should have feelings of responsibilities regarding patience, forgiveness, good bahaviour and affection. In this connection I am quoting a few lines of poems as composed by me.










“Like the dew drops falling on the grass




Glittering in the dazzling rays of the sun




She has smiles dramatic all over the world




To give impression of love at the amazing sky.




She knows no indulgence even any discord




Not even banned certainty laid the blame on,




She is clear like the shower of rain;




Who has weapons to banish the insignificant change?




She has eyes all around in the dark cloud




Like the flies to clasp in the world so high;




To eliminate shyness, murky and evils of mind,




To gather significant change of life.




Like the roses, she is scattering every side




To pact a series of beams in the sun,




To scatter the light of knowledge and skills




To inform the world that precision exists.




Her jollity reflecting like the light of the moon




To have bustling the world forthwith change




In quicker form to survive on earth




Telling of fraternity, love and peace.”